Zusammenfassung
Die arterielle Hypertonie ist der wichtigste Risikofaktor für den Schlaganfall: Bereits
eine geringfügige Reduktion des Blutdrucks reduziert das Schlaganfallrisiko erheblich
- bei bisher nicht an einem Schlaganfall Erkrankten um 30-40 %, übrigens auch in üblicherweise
als normoton definierten Bereichen. Daraus lässt sich eine Indikation zur regelmäßigen
Messung des Blutdrucks und zu nichtmedikamentöser und medikamentöser antihypertensiver
Therapie zur Primärprävention des Schlaganfalls ableiten. Patienten, die bereits einen
Schlaganfall erlitten haben, profitieren unabhängig vom Ausgangsblutdruck ebenfalls
von einer blutdrucksenkenden Therapie. Zur Sekundärprophylaxe ist die Kombination
von Diuretika und ACE-Hemmern zugelassen. Bei Wirkungslosigkeit oder Nebenwirkungen
dieser Therapieoptionen ist der Wechsel zu anderen Präparaten sinnvoll. Noch ist die
Wirksamkeit dieser Intervention nicht getrennt nach Schlaganfallsubtypen überprüft
worden. Da aber sowohl Makro- als auch Mikroangiopathie und Vorhofflimmern als wesentliche
Ursachen des Schlaganfalls durch die arterielle Hypertonie bedingt sind oder diese
als Kofaktor haben, ist für alle Subtypen ein Nutzen anzunehmen. Für Patienten mit
höhergradigen bilateralen Karotisstenosen muss die antihypertensive Therapie an die
hämodynamischen Verhältnisse angepasst sein, wobei eine gewisse Zurückhaltung in der
Blutdrucksenkung angezeigt ist. Dies gilt auch für multimorbide Patienten. Bei allen
Patienten wird das Ausmaß der erreichten Blutdrucksenkung durch Nebenwirkungen und
Compliance bestimmt sein.
Summary
Arterial hypertension is the most important risk factor for stroke. Relatively small
reduction of blood pressure reduces the risk of a first stroke by more than one third.
This is also true in ranges of blood pressure that are usually defined as normal.
These data implicate, that for primary prevention of stroke, blood pressure should
be regularly taken in healthy individuals and, if elevated, an antihypertensive treatment
should be started, consisting of changes in lifestyle and antihypertensive drugs.
Patients who have already suffered a stroke benefit from antihypertensive treatment
regardless of their baseline blood pressure. The combination of diuretics and ACE
inhibitors is available for secondary prevention of stroke. If the lowering of blood
pressure is not sufficiently reached or there are side effects, the drug regime can
of course be changed. The effect of antihypertensive treatment on the different stroke
subtypes has not been investigated separately yet. As all of the subtypes have hypertension
as a risk factor, it is reasonable to assume a positive effect of antihypertensive
treatment on all of them. In patients with bilateral significant carotid stenosis,
there is probably an increase in stroke risk with lower blood pressure. In these patients,
it seems to be wise to only moderately lower the blood pressure. In many stroke patients,
multimorbidity renders pharmacotherapy more challenging. The amount of blood pressure
reduction in the individual patient will depend on the side effects of treatment and
on the compliance of the patient.
Key Words
stroke - primary prevention - secondary prevention - blood pressure - antihypertensive
agents
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1 losartan intervention for endpoint reduction in hypertension
2 dietary approaches to stop hypertension
3 perindopril protection against recurrent stroke study
4 prevention regimen for effectively avoiding second strokes
5 ongoing telmisartan alone and in combination with ramipril global endpoint trial
Anschrift für die Verfasser
Prof. Dr. M. Daffertshofer
Neurologische Klinik
Fakultät für Klinische Medizin Mannheim der Universität Heidelberg
Universitätsklinikum Mannheim
Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3
68167 Mannheim