Enantioselective Synthesis of Renieramide

Abstract

A highly chemo- and enantioselective PTC alkylation has been developed that allows rapid access to orthogonally protected (S,S)-isodityrosine. Utility of this material in the construction of isodityrosine-containing cyclic peptides is demonstrated by synthesis of the natural product renieramide.

amino acids - asymmetric alkylation - phase-transfer ­catalysis - quaternary ammonium salts

References

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<A NAME="RD26804ST-2">2</A> Zhu Z. Synlett  1997,  133 

K13:

<A NAME="RD26804ST-3A">3a</A> Kase H. Kaneko M. Yamada K. J. Antibiot.  1987,  40:  450 

<A NAME="RD26804ST-3B">3b</A> Yasuzawa T. Shirahata K. Sano H. J. Antibiot.  1987,  40:  455 

OF-4949-I-IV:

<A NAME="RD26804ST-4A">4a</A> Sano S. Ikai K. Kuroda H. Nakamura T. Obayashi A. Ezure Y. Enomoto H. J. Antibiot.  1986,  39:  1674 

<A NAME="RD26804ST-4B">4b</A> Sano S. Ikai K. Katayama K. Takesako K. Nakamura T. Obayashi A. Ezure Y. Enomoto H. J. Antibiot.  1986,  39:  1685 

<A NAME="RD26804ST-5">5</A> Eurypamides A-D: Reddy MVR. Harper MK. Faulkner DJ. Tetrahedron  1998,  54:  10649 

Renieramide:

<A NAME="RD26804ST-6A">6a</A> Ciasullo L. Casapullo A. Cutignano A. Bifulco G. Debitus C. Hooper J. Gomez-Paloma L. Riccio R. J. Nat. Prod.  2002,  65:  407 

<A NAME="RD26804ST-6B">6b</A> Itokawa H, Watanabe K, Kawaoto S, and Inoue T. inventors; Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP  63203671. 

For leading references to the syntheses of K13, OF4949-I-IV and the eurypamides see:

<A NAME="RD26804ST-7A">7a</A> Ito M. Yamanaka M. Kutsumura N. Nishiyama S. Tetrahedron  2004,  60:  5623 

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<A NAME="RD26804ST-10">10</A>

The enantioselectivity of this alkylation was determined by chiral-phase HPLC comparison of the product 10 with racemic material generated using n-Bu₄NBr as the PTC. Use of catalyst 8 led to similar regioselectivity and yield, but gave 10 with only 50% ee.

<A NAME="RD26804ST-11">11</A> Reinholtz E. Becker A. Hagenbruch B. Schäfer S. Schmitt A. Synthesis  1990,  1069 

<A NAME="RD26804ST-12A">12a</A> Lygo B. Andrews BI. Slack D. Tetrahedron Lett.  2003,  44:  9039 

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<A NAME="RD26804ST-13">13</A> For application of a related alkylation to the synthesis of the dityrosine fragment of RP66453 see: Boisnard S. Carbonnelle A.-C. Zhu J. Org. Lett.  2001,  3:  2061 

<A NAME="RD26804ST-14">14</A>

Representative Alkylation-Hydrolysis Procedure (Preparation of 12): A solution of glycine imine 4a (161 mg, 0.54 mmol) in toluene (4 mL) was placed under a nitrogen atmosphere. Iodide 11 (312 mg, 0.45 mmol), catalyst 8 (36 mg 10 mol%) and 9 M aq KOH (400 µL) were added sequentially, and the resulting mixture stirred at r.t. for 18 h. The toluene layer was then separated and the aqueous layer extracted with EtOAc (3 × 2 mL). The combined organics were dried (MgSO₄), and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in Et₂O (10 mL), filtered (to remove catalyst), and again concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was then dissolved in THF (5 mL) and 15% aq citric acid (1.5 mL) added. The mixture was stirred at r.t. for 18 h, then extracted with CHCl₃ (4 × 3 mL). The combined organics were washed with 10% aq Na₂CO₃ (2 × 4 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel (CHCl₃-MeOH, 50:1) to yield the orthogonally protected isodityrosine 12 (269 mg, 85%) as a pale yellow oil. R _f = 0.3 (CHCl₃-MeOH, 25:1). [α]_D +1 (c 0.9, CHCl₃). IR (film): ν_max = 3376, 2977, 2632, 1714, 1505 cm^-1. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃): δ = 7.34-7.23 (10 H, m, ArH), 7.13 (2 H, d, J = 8.0 Hz, ArH), 6.84 (1 H, s, CHPh₂), 6.81 (2 H, d, J = 8.0 Hz, ArH), 6.76 (1 H, d, J = 8.0 Hz, ArH), 6.68 (1 H, d, J = 8.0 Hz, ArH), 6.65 (1 H, s, ArH), 4.97 (1 H, br d, J = 8.0 Hz, NH), 4.68-4.60 (1 H, m, CHN), 3.78 (3 H, s, OCH₃), 3.64-3.56 (1 H, m, CHN), 3.04 (1 H, dd, J = 6.0, 14.0 Hz, CHCH _a H_b), 2.99-2.95 (2 H, m, CHCH_a H _b , CHCH _a H_b), 2.82 (1 H, dd, J = 8.0, 14.0 Hz, CHCH_a H _b ), 1.44 [9 H, s, C(CH₃)₃], 1.40 [9 H, s, C(CH₃)₃]. ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl₃): δ = 174.2 (C), 170.9 (C), 156.9 (C), 155.0 (C), 150.0 (C), 144.6 (C), 139.6 (C), 139.4 (C), 131.3 (C), 130.5 (CH), 128.6 (CH), 128.5 (CH), 128.2 (CH), 128.0 (CH), 127.5 (CH), 127.0 (CH), 125.7 (CH), 122.4 (CH), 116.9 (CH), 112.8 (CH), 81.3 (C), 80.0 (C), 78.0 (CH), 56.3 (CH), 56.0 (CH₃), 54.5 (CH), 40.3 (CH₂), 37.4 (CH₂), 28.3 (CH₃), 28.1 (CH₃). MS (ES⁺): m/z (%) = 719 (28) [M + Na⁺], 697 (100) [M + H⁺], 641 (10) [M - t-Bu + H⁺], 296 (68). HRMS: m/z calcd for C₄₁H₄₉N₂O₈ [M + H]⁺: 697.3489. Found: 697.3528.

<A NAME="RD26804ST-15">15</A> For an alternative approach to orthogonally protected (S,S)-isodityrosines see: Jorgensen KB. Gautun OR. Tetrahedron  1999,  55:  10527 

<A NAME="RD26804ST-16">16</A> Kiso Y. Nakamura S. Ito K. Ukawa K. Kitagawa K. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun.  1979,  971 

<A NAME="RD26804ST-17">17</A>

Selected data for synthetic renieramide (2): Mp 185-195 °C (decomp). [α]_D -32 (c 0.1, MeOH) (lit. [α]_D -30 (c 0.1, MeOH).^{6 1}H NMR (500 MHz, CD₃OD): δ = 7.42 (1 H, dd, J = 2.0, 8.0 Hz, ArH), 7.20 (1 H, dd, J = 2.0, 8.0 Hz, ArH), 7.01 (1 H, dd, J = 2.0, 8.0 Hz, ArH), 6.86 (1 H, dd, J = 2.5, 8.0 Hz, ArH), 6.81 (1 H, d, J = 8.0 Hz, ArH), 6.65 (1 H, dd, J = 2.0, 8.0 Hz, ArH), 5.98 (1 H, d, J = 2.0 Hz, ArH), 4.52 (1 H, dd, J = 3.5, 11.5 Hz, CHN), 4.48 (1 H, dd, J = 3.5, 12.5 Hz, CHN), 3.97 (1 H, dd, J = 2.0, 6.0 Hz, CHN), 3.38 (1 H, dd, J = 3.5, 13.0 Hz, CHCH _a H_b), 3.15 (1 H, dd, J = 2.0, 15.0 Hz, CHCH _a H_b), 2.91 (1 H, dd, J = 6.0, 15.0 Hz, CHCH_a H _b ), 2.60 (1 H, app. t, J = 12.5 Hz, CHCH_a H _b ) 1.70-1.62 [2 H, m, CH ₂ CH(CH₃)₂], 1.61-1.51 [1 H, m, CH₂CH(CH₃)₂], 0.95 (3 H, d, J = 6.0 Hz, CH₃), 0.93 (3 H, d, J = 6.0 Hz, CH₃). ¹³C NMR (125 MHz, CD₃OD): δ = 178.1 (C), 172.7 (C), 169.1 (C), 154.6 (C), 149.8 (C), 147.2 (C), 137.1 (C), 133.0 (CH), 131.7 (CH), 125.0 (2 × CH), 123.1 (CH), 122.7 (CH), 117.2 (CH), 116.9 (CH), 58.1 (CH), 53.7 (CH), 52.1 (CH), 43.6 (CH₂), 40.9 (CH₂), 37.4 (CH₂), 26.0 (CH), 23.8 (CH₃), 21.6 (CH₃).

<A NAME="RD26804ST-18">18</A>

There is a typographical error in the ¹³C NMR (CD₃OD) reported for natural renieramide,⁶ the CH₂ carbon of the l-DOPA fragment occurs at δ = 37.7 ppm (not 43.6). We thank Prof. R. Riccio and Dr. A. Casapullo for kindly providing this information.