Zusammenfassung
Die vorliegende Übersicht stellt die methodischen Probleme von 23 im letzten Vierteljahrhundert
publizierten Arbeiten, die unterschiedliche Aspekte der Frage nach einem möglichen
Zusammenhang zwischen Psychosen und dissozialem Verhalten behandeln, systematisch
dar: Unterschiedliche diagnostische Formulierungen, unterschiedliche Definitionen
von Kriminalität und Gewaltkriminalität, unterschiedlich definierte Beziehungen zwischen
Krankheit und Kriminalität, unterschiedliche Informationsquellen und Untersuchungszeiträume,
Probleme bei der Fallrekrutierung bzw. bei der Rekrutierung von Kontrollgruppen, interferierende
Variablen, statistische Probleme. Anschließend werden die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeiten
im Detail diskutiert. Zusammenfassend ist festzustellen, dass auch unter Berücksichtigung
von soziodemografischen Merkmalen und komorbidem Substanzmissbrauch zwischen Psychose
und Kriminalität ein mäßiger, jedoch meist statistisch signifikanter Zusammenhang
besteht, der sich vor allem bei schizophrenen Patienten nachweisen lässt. Deren Kriminalitätsrisiko
steigt mit zunehmender Schwere der Gewalttätigkeit, liegt bei Tötungsdelinquenz deutlich
über dem der Allgemeinbevölkerung, ist aber in jedem Fall wesentlich geringer als
das von Personen mit Substanzmissbrauch und Persönlichkeitsstörungen. Während bei
schwersten Formen der Gewaltkriminalität zumindest teilweise ein unmittelbarer Einfluss
der Erkrankung nachweisbar ist, dürften bei leichteren Delikten eher indirekte Zusammenhänge
(krankheitsbedingte soziale Deprivierung, erhöhte Vulnerabilität für Substanzmissbrauch),
begünstigt durch zunehmende Defizite der allgemeinpsychiatrischen Versorgung, vorliegen.
Abstract
This review systematically describes the methodological difficulties arising at the
interpretation of studies on the association between psychoses (major mental disorders)
and criminality/violence: diagnostic issues, different definitions of illegal behaviour
and of the connection between mental illness and crime, different sources of information,
differences in the recruitment of cases and control groups and in the time under study,
impact of interfering variables and statistical issues, problems of the transferability
of results. On this basis the data of 23 papers published between 1981 and 2004 are
discussed in detail. Even under consideration of sociodemographic variables and comorbid
substance abuse, most studies show a moderate albeit statistically significant association
between major mental disorders and crime. This association is especially proven in
subjects suffering from schizophrenia. Their risk of committing a crime increases
with the severity of the offence and is - compared with the general population - substantially
higher for homicide. However, in general much more danger for the public arises from
subjects with substance abuse and personality disorders. The severest expressions
of violence can be interpreted - at least partly - as a direct consequence of the
illness. The association between psychosis and criminality in general seems to be
rather an indirect one, mediated through an illness-related increased vulnerability
for general criminogenic factors as poverty, social deprivation and substance abuse,
intensified by deficits of modern mental health care.
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Dr. Hans Schanda
Justizanstalt Göllersdorf
Schlossgasse 17
2013 Göllersdorf
Österreich ·
eMail: hans.schanda@meduniwien.ac.at