Das Psychopathy-Konzept und seine psychometrische Erfassung im Kindes-, Jugend- und Erwachsenenalter

Zusammenfassung

Der Psychopathy-Begriff im Sinne des Konzepts von Robert Hare hat seit der Operatonalisierung durch die 1985 in revidierter Form publizierte Psychopathy-Checkliste (PCL-R) für Erwachsene eine Aktualisierung erfahren und findet in neueren Arbeiten, vor allem zur Prognose- und Therapieforschung, international Anwendung. Bereits seit mehreren Jahren werden Persönlichkeitstraits der Psychopathy in Nordamerika auch bei Jugendlichen und Kindern erforscht. Auf der Basis der PCL-R wurde eine Checkliste für Jugendliche (PCL-YV) entwickelt, welche die spezifischen Bedingungen der Adoleszenz berücksichtigt. Die damit ermittelten Forschungsergebnisse weisen bei Jugendlichen mit einem hohen Gesamtscore einen Mangel an Empathie, eine Impulskontroll- sowie eine soziale Anpassungsstörung nach. Außerdem konnten Beziehungen zu Anzahl und Schwere von Gewaltdelikten, zu frühem Drogenkonsum und einer schnelleren und häufigeren erneuten Straffälligkeit nachgewiesen werden. Die biologische Grundlage dieser Merkmale wird diskutiert, ebenso damit verbundene Fragen nach neuen spezifischen Therapiekonzepten sowie diagnostischen Aspekten.

Abstract

The psychopathy concept in accordance with Robert Hare was operationalized in 1985 when the revised form of the Psychopathy Checklist (PCL-R) was published. Since then, the PCL-R has been used internationally in prognosis and therapy research. In North America, personality traits of psychopathy have also been studied in children and juveniles for several years by now. On the basis of the PCL-R, a checklist for adolescents (PCL-YV) was developed that takes the special conditions of adolescents into account. In juveniles with a high score research with the PCL-YV demonstrated a lack of empathy, impulsivity and social adjustment disorder. Furthermore, researchers found associations between the number and severity of violent offences, early drug abuse and earlier recidivism, i. e. repeated criminality. The biological determinants of these dimensions are discussed as well as associated questions about recent specific therapy concepts and diagnostic aspects of psychopathy in juveniles.

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