Zusammenfassung
Ungeachtet der zunehmenden Kenntnisse über die kutanen malignen Lymphome bleibt die
Abgrenzung der frühen Stadien der Mycosis fungoides (MF) von benignen, T-Zell-reichen
Dermatosen problematisch. Um diese Differenzierung zu erleichtern, wurden molekulargenetische
Techniken zum Nachweis klonaler T-Zellen eingeführt, deren Nutzen und Grenzen im Folgenden
Artikel erörtert werden sollen. In Hautproben kutaner Lymphome gelingt der Nachweis
eines dominanten T-Zell-Klons in etwa 80 %, dieser kann aber die Diagnose kutanes
T-Zell-Lymphom nicht sichern, weil dominante T-Zell-Klone auch in bis zu 40 % bei
benignen T-Zell-dominierten Dermatosen gefunden werden. Lediglich eine sichere Abgrenzung
der Parapsoriasis en petites plaques von frühen MF-Stadien und eine valide Ausbreitungs-
und Rezidivdiagnostik sind möglich. Die Anwendung der Technik an Blutproben zeigt,
dass eine Dissemination der klonalen T-Zellen bereits in frühen Stadien kutaner Lymphome
auftritt, aber unserer Ansicht nach ohne prognostische Relevanz bleibt. Hierbei handelt
es sich höchstwahrscheinlich um eine (physiologische) Rezirkulation, und inwieweit
die Quantität der zirkulierenden klonalen T-Zellen prognostisch relevant ist, bleibt
vorerst unbekannt. Interessanterweise wird bei einem Sechstel der Blutproben von gesunden
Personen eine klonale T-Zell-Expansion unbekannter Signifikanz (TEXUS) gefunden. TEXUS
tritt auch bei Patienten mit kutanem Lymphom auf und muss bei der Analyse der T-Zell-Klonalität
im peripheren Blut beachtet werden. Die molekulargenetischen Techniken sind aber auch
wissenschaftlich interessant. So kann der Nachweis klonaler T-Zellen in Kombination
mit Einzelzell-PCR- oder Hybridisierungs-Techniken auch zur Bestimmung des Klonalitätsstatus
einzelner Zellen im Hautinfiltrat genutzt werden.
Abstract
Despite growing knowledge on cutaneous malignant lymphomas, the differentiation of
early stages of Mycosis fungoides (MF) from benign T-cell rich dermatoses stays difficult.
To facilitate this, molecular genetic techniques have been introduced to detect clonal
T-cells. Pros and cons of these techniques will be discussed in this review. The detection
of a dominant T-cell clone succeeds in about 80 % of skin specimens from cutaneous
lymphomas. However, this does not ensure the diagnosis of cutaneous lymphoma since
dominant T-cell clones have also been found in up to 40 % of samples from benign T-cell
rich dermatoses. Only the differentiation of early MF from small plaque parapsoriasis
and a valid staging are possible. Application of the technique in blood samples indicates
a dissemination of the clonal T-cells already at early stages of cutaneous lymphomas.
However, in our opinion this feature has no prognostic relevance but is the expression
of the (physiological) recirculation. To what extent the quantity of circulating clonal
T-cells correlates with the prognosis is so far not known. Interestingly, investigation
of blood specimens from healthy controls reveals a clonal T-cell expansion of unknown
significance (TEXUS) in one sixth of the cases. TEXUS is also observed in patients
with cutaneous lymphoma and should be considered when assessing the T-cell clonality
in blood samples. The molecular genetic techniques discussed here are also of scientific
impact. The detection of clonal T-cells in combination with single cell PCR or hybridisation
techniques can be used to determine the state of clonality of every single cell of
a cutaneous infiltrate.
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Dr. J. Marcus Muche
Afdeling Dermatologie
Westfries Gasthuis Hoorn · PB 600 · NL-1620 AR Hoorn ·
eMail: j.m.muche@westfriesgasthuis.nl