Abstract
Background: Elaborated data on the descriptive epidemiology of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP)
are a prerequisite to estimate the impact of new vaccines. Patients and Methods: From July 1996 to June 2000, all children (0-16 years) admitted to one of the two
pediatric hospitals in Kiel and being resident in the municipal area of Kiel were
investigated by cross-sectional studies and prospective testing using a 9-valent in-house
m-RT-PCR method. Results: In the 4-year period, 514 children were included (mean age 46, median 40 months):
279 were diagnosed with bronchopneumonia (BPN, median age 26 months), 235 with pneumonia
(PN) (47 months); within the latter 69 cases had lobar PN (55 months), 41 atypical
PN (51 months) and 28 parapneumonic effusions (74 months). An underlying chronic condition
was present in 22.8 % and 10.1 % were born prematurely. The population-based incidence
rates (per 100,000 per year) were on average 300 for children 0-16 years, 163 for
BPN, 136 for PN, 53 for lobar PN, 24 for atypical PN and 16 for parapneumonic effusions.
The rate was stable or slightly declined over the observation period. 61 % of infants
and 45 % of children under 5 years of age have to be hospitalized having contracted
CAP. The highest fraction of 34 and 25 %, respectively, was attributable to RSV. Viruses
were not diagnosed significantly more often in BPN than in PN, if stratified by age.
Conclusion: The incidence and the admission rate of severe CAP is lower than in the USA. The
high rate of empyema warrants enhanced surveillance as an indicator for antibiotic
resistance or changing impact of pneumococcal serotypes. Misclassification, also with
ICD codes, is a major issue. Well analyzed epidemiological recruitment areas are a
valid tool to generate precise data in Germany.
Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund: Detaillierte Daten zur deskriptiven Epidemiologie der ambulant-erworbenen Pneumonie
(CAP) sind eine von mehreren Voraussetzungen, den Einfluss neuer Vakzinen abschätzen
zu können. Patienten und Methoden: Von Juli 1996 bis Juni 2000 wurden Kinder unter 16 Jahren, die in einer der beiden
Kinderkliniken in Kiel stationär wegen einer Pneumonie behandelt wurden und zugleich
im Stadtbezirk Kiel wohnten, in Querschnittsstudien und prospektiv mittels 9-valenter
RT-PCR auf Atemwegserreger untersucht. Ergebnisse: Im Untersuchungszeitraum von 4 Jahren wurden 514 Kinder (Mittelwert 46, Median 40
Monate) in die Untersuchung aufgenommen: 279 wurden als Bronchopneumonie (BPN, Median
26 Monate) klassifiziert und 235 als Pneumonie (PN, 47 Monate). Unter letzteren waren
69 Fälle an Lobärpneumonie (55 Monate), 41 an atypischer Pneumonie (51 Monate) und
28 Fälle mit parapneumonischen Ergüssen (74 Monate). Eine Grundkrankheit lag in 22,8
% vor und 10,1 % waren Frühgeborene. Die populationsbezogene Inzidenz (pro 100 000
pro Jahr) bei Kindern 0 bis 16 Jahre war im Durchschnitt 300, 163 für BPN, 136 für
PN, 53 für lobäre PN, 24 für atypische PN und 16 für parapneumonische Pleuraergüsse.
Die Inzidenz war im Untersuchungszeitraum stabil bis leicht abnehmend. Säuglinge mussten
in 61 % und Kinder unter 5 Jahren zu 45 % hospitalisiert werden, wenn sie an einer
Pneumonie erkrankten. Der höchste Anteil wurde für beide Altersgruppen zu 34 bzw.
25 % von RS-Viren verursacht. Viren wurden bei BPN nicht signifikant häufiger gefunden
als bei PN, wenn das Patientengut nach Alter stratifiziert wurde. Schlussfolgerungen: Die Inzidenz von schweren Pneumonien und die Hospitalisierungsrate ist in Deutschland
geringer als in den USA. Die hohe Rate an parapneumonischen Pleuraergüssen, als Indikator
für eine zunehmende Antibiotikaresistenz oder eine sich ändernde Verteilung der Serotypen
bei Pneumokokken, legt eine verstärkte Surveillance von Pleuraergüssen nahe. Missklassifikation
zwischen den verschiedenen Formen von CAP, auch bei Anwendung des ICD-Schlüssels,
ist ein schwerwiegendes Problem. Gut analysierte epidemiologische Rekrutierungsräume
sind ein wertvolles Instrument, um genaue Daten für Deutschland zu generieren.
Key words
Community-acquired pneumonia - effusion - incidence - respiratory syncytial virus
Schlüsselwörter
Ambulant-erworbene Pneumonie - Ergüsse - Inzidenz - RS-Virus
References
1 Ärztekammer Schleswig-Holstein .Perinatalerhebung. Bad Segeberg 1997; 13
2 Black S, Shinefield H, Ling S, Fireman B, Hansen J, Lee J, Siber G, Hackell J..
The Kaiser Permanente Group .Efficacy against pneumonia of heptavalent conjugate pneumococcal
vaccine (Wyeth Lederle) in 37 868 infants and children: Expanded data analysis including
duration of protection. 20th Annual Meeting of the European Paediatric Infectious
Disease Society, Vilnius, Lithuania, Mai 29 to 31, Abstract book 2002; 127-128
3
Boyce T G, Mellen B G, Mitchel E F, Wright P F, Griffin M R.
Rates of hospitalization for respiratory syncytial virus infection among children
in Medicaid.
J Pediatr.
2000;
137
865-870
4 Brueggemann A B, Griffiths D, Sleeman K, Knox K A, Crook D W, Spratt B G. Using
multilocus sequence typing (MLST) to determine serotype- and clone-specific invasion
ratios (Irs). In: S. pneumoniae. 3rd International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal
Diseases, Anchorage May 5-8, Abstract book 2002; 57
5
Byington C L, Spencer L Y, Johnson T A, Pavia A T, Allen D, Mason E O, Kaplan S, Carroll K C,
Daly J A, Christenson J C, Samore M H.
An epidemiological investigation of a sustained high rate of pediatric parapneumonic
empyema: Risk factors and microbiological associations.
Clin Infect Dis.
2002;
34
434-440
6
Davis H D, Matlow A, Petric M, Glazier R, Wang E EL.
Prospective comparative study of viral, bacterial and atypical organisms identified
in pneumonia and bronchiolitis in hospitalized Canadian infants.
Pediatr Infect Dis J.
1996;
15
371-375
7
Davis H D, Wang E EL, Manson D, Babyn P, Shuckett B.
Reliability of the chest radiograph in the diagnosis of lower respiratory infections
in young children.
The Pediatr Infect Dis J.
1996;
15
600-604
8
Dowell S F, Kurponis B A, Zell E R, Shay D K.
Mortality from pneumonia in children in the United States, 1939 through 1996.
New Engl J Med.
2000;
342
1399-1407
9 Freihorst J. Bakterielle Pneumonie. In: Rieger C, von der Hardt H, Sennhauser FH,
Wahn U, Zach M (eds). Pädiatrische Pneumologie. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New
York 1999; 718-724
10
Glezen W P, Denny F W.
Epidemiology of acute lower respiratory disease in children.
New Engl J Med.
1973;
288
498-505
11
Gröndahl B, Puppe W, Hoppe A, Kühne I, Weigl J AI, Schmitt H-J.
Rapid identification of nine microorganisms causing acute respiratory tract infections
by single-tube multiplex reverse transcription-PCR: Feasibility study.
J Clin Microbiol.
1999;
37
1-7
12
Hardie W D, Roberts N E, Reising S F, Christie C DC.
Complicated parapneumonic effusions in children caused by penicillin-nonsusceptible
Streptococcus pneumoniae.
Pediatrics.
1998;
101
388-392
13
Heiskanen-Kosma T, Korppi M, Jokinen C, Kurki S, Heiskanen L, Juvonen H, Kallinen S,
Sten M, Tarkiainen A, Rönnberg P R, Kleemola M, Mäkelä P H, Leinonen M.
Etiology of childhood pneumonia: serologic results of a prospective, population-based
study.
Pediatr Infect Dis J.
1998;
17
986-991
14
Heiskanen-Kosma T, Korppi M.
Serum C-reactive protein cannot differentiate bacterial and viral etiology of community-acquired
pneumonia in children in primary healthcare settings.
Scand J Infect Dis.
2000;
32
399-402
15
Hemming V G.
Viral respiratory diseases in children: Classification, etiology, epidemiology and
risk factors.
J Pediatr.
1994;
124
S 13-S 16
16
Howard T S, Hoffman L H, Stang P E, Simoes E A.
Respiratory syncytial virus pneumonia in the hospital setting: Length of stay, charges
and mortality.
J Pediatr.
2000;
137
227-232
17
Isaacs D.
Problems in determining the etiology of community-acquired childhood pneumonia.
Pediatr Infect Dis J.
1989;
8
143-148
18
Jacobs M R.
In vivo veritas: In vitro macrolide resistance in systemic Streptococcus pneumoniae
infection does result in clinical failure.
Clin Infect Dis.
2002;
35
565-569
19
Jadavji T, Law B, Lebel M H, Kennedy W A, Gold R, Wang E EL.
A practical guide for the diagnosis and treatment of pediatric pneumonia.
Can Med Assoc J.
1997;
156
S 703-S 711
20
Juven T, Mertsola J, Toikka P, Virkki R, Leinonen M, Ruuskanen O.
Clinical profile of serologically diagnosed pneumococcal pneumonia.
Pediatr Infect Dis J.
2001;
20
1028-1033
21
Juven T, Mertsola J, Waris M, Leinonen M, Meurman O, Roivainen M, Eskola J, Saikku P,
Ruuskanen O.
Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia in 254 hospitalized children.
Pediatr Infect Dis J.
2000;
19
293-298
22
Kim H W, Arrobio J O, Brandt C D, Jeffries B C, Pyles G, Reid J L, Channock R M, Parrott R H.
Epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus infection in Washington, D.C.
Am J Epidemiol.
1973;
98
216-225
23
Leader S, Kohlhase K.
Respiratory syncytial virus-coded pediatric hospitalizations, 1997 to 1999.
Pediatr Infect Dis J.
2002;
21
629-632
24
Leinonen M.
Serological diagnosis of pneumococcal pneumonia-will it ever become a clinical reality.
Sem Respir Infect.
1994;
9
189-191
25
Lieberman D, Lieberman D, Friger M D.
Seasonal variation in hospital admission for community-acquired pneumonia: A 5-year
study.
J Infect.
1999;
39
134-140
26
Meert K, Heidemann S, Abella B, Sarnaik A.
Does prematurity alter the course of respiratory syncytial virus infection?.
Crit Care Med.
1999;
18
1357-1359
27
Michaud C M, Murray C JL, Bloom B R.
Burden of disease - Implications for Future Research.
J Amer Med Assoc.
2001;
285
534-539
28
Michelow I C, Lozano J, Olsen K, Goto C, Rollins N K, Ghaffar F, Rodriguez-Caretto V,
Leinonen M, McCracken G H.
Diagnosis of Streptococcus pneumoniae lower respiratory tract infection in hospitalized
children by culture, polymerase chain reaction, serological testing, and urinary antigen
detection.
Clin Infect Dis.
2002;
34
e 1-e 11
29 Ministerium für Arbeit, Gesundheit und Soziales des Landes Schleswig-Holstein .Zur
Gesundheitslage der Kinder in Schleswig-Holstein - Daten, Einschätzungen, Fragen. b+c
computergraphik, Kiel 1997; 3-4
30
Mulholland K.
Magnitude of the problem of childhood pneumonia.
Lancet.
1999;
354
252-259
31 Pechère J-C. Community-acquired pneumonia in children. International Forum Series,
Cambridge Medical Publications, Worthing, UK 1995
32
Principi N, Esposito S, Blasi F, Allegra L.
Role of Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae in children with community-acquired
lower respiratory infections.
Clin Infect Dis.
2002;
32
1281-1289
33
Puppe W, Weigl J AI, Aron G, Gröndahl B, Schmitt H J, Niesters H GM, Groen J.
Evaluation of a multiplex reverse transciptase PCR ELISA for the detection of nine
respiratory tract pathogens.
J Clin Virol.
2004;
30
165-174
34
Reinert R R, Lütticken R, Bryskier A, Al-Lahham A.
Macrolide-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes in the pediatric
population in Germany during 2000-2001.
Antimicrobial Agent Chemother.
2003;
47
489-493
35
Säynäjäkangas P, Keistinen T, Tuuponen T.
Seasonal fluctuations in hospitalisation for pneumonia in Finland.
Internat J Circumpolar Health.
2001;
60
34-40
36
Shay D K, Holman R C, Newman R D, Liu L L, Stout J W, Anderson L J.
Bronchiolitis-associated hospitalizations among US children, 1980-1996.
J Amer Med Assoc.
1999;
282
1440-1446
37
Tan T Q, Mason E O, Wald E R, Bason W J, Schutze G E, Bradley J S, Givner L B, Yogev R,
Kim K S, Kaplan S L.
Clinical characteristics of children with complicated pneumonia caused by Streptococcus
pneumoniae.
Pediatrics.
2002;
110
1-6
38
Weigl J AI, Bader H M, Everding A, Schmitt H J.
Population-based burden of pneumonia until school entry in Germany.
Eur J Pediatr.
2003;
162
309-316
39
Weigl J AI, Puppe W, Rockahr S, Schmitt H J.
Burden of disease in hospitalized RSV-positive children in Germany.
Klin Pädiatr.
2002;
214
334-342
40
Weigl J AI, Puppe W, Schmitt H-J.
Incidence of respiratory syncytial virus-positive hospitalizations in Germany.
Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis.
2001;
20
452-459
41
Weigl J AI, Puppe W, Schmitt H J.
Seasonality of respiratory syncytial virus-positive hospitalizations in children in
Kiel, Germany, over a 7 year period.
Infection.
2002;
30
186-192
42
Weigl J AI, Puppe W, Schmitt H J.
The incidence of influenza-associated hospitalizations in children in Germany.
Epidemiol Infect.
2002;
129
525-534
43
Wubbel L, Muniz L, Ahmed A, Trujillo M, Carunelli C, Mccoig C, Abramo T, Leinonen M,
McCracken G H.
Etiology and treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in ambulatory children.
Pediatr Infect Dis J.
1999;
18
98-104
44
Young M.
The influence of weather conditions on the mortality from bronchitis and pneumonia
in children.
J Hyg.
1924;
23
151-175
J. Weigl
Pediatric Infectious Diseases · Department of General Pediatrics · Christian-Albrechts-University
Schwanenweg 20
24105 Kiel
Germany
eMail: weigl@pediatrics.uni-kiel.de