Abstract
Though supplementation of chromium has been found to improve deranged carbohydrate
and lipid metabolism associated with suboptimal chromium intake in patients, its usefulness
in the treatment of diabetes mellitus of variable etiology remains questionable. In
the present investigation, the effect of 6 wk oral administration of chromium chloride
(CC) on the glucose and lipid metabolism was studied in streptozotocin (STZ) diabetic
and neonatal-STZ (nSTZ) diabetic rats. Further, its cellular mechanism was studied
using 3T3-L1 adipocyte and C2C12 myoblast cell lines. Treatment with CC significantly
improved the impaired glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity of both STZ diabetic
and nSTZ diabetic rats without any change in basal or glucose stimulated insulin response
indicating insulin-sensitizing action of chromium. CC treatment also significantly
improved deranged lipid metabolism. CC per se did not produce any effect in vitro,
however, significantly increased insulin stimulated glucose uptake in C2C12 myoblasts
and differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes into mature adipocytes supporting the
in vivo insulin-sensitizing action of chromium. This study shows that CC exhibited
significant anti-diabetic potential in chemically-induced diabetes in rats, the mechanism
of which appears to be potentiation of insulin actions at the target tissues leading
to improved peripheral insulin sensitivity.
Key words
Chromium chloride - insulin resistance - 3T3-L1 adipocytes - C2C12 myoblasts
References
- 1
Abraham A S, Brooks B A, Eylath U.
The effects of chromium supplementation on serum glucose and lipids in patients with
and without non-insulin-dependent diabetes.
Metabolism.
1992;
41
768-771
- 2
Anderson R A.
Chromium, glucose tolerance, diabetes and lipid metabolism.
J Adv Med.
1995;
8
37-49
- 3
Anderson R A.
Recent advances in the clinical and biochemical manifestation of chromium deficiency
in human and animal nutrition.
J Trace Elem Exp Med.
1998;
11
241-250
- 4
Anderson R A, Polansky M M, Bryden N A, Roginski E E, Mertz W, Glinsmann W.
Chromium supplementation of human subjects: Effects on glucose, insulin and lipid
variables.
Metabolism.
1983;
32
894-899
- 5
Hajduch E, Rencurel F, Balendran A, Batty I H, Downes C P, Hundal H S.
Serotonin (5-Hydroxytryptamine), a novel regulator of glucose transport in rat skeletal
muscle.
J Biol Chem.
1999;
274
13563-13568
- 6
Jeejeebhoy K N, Chu R C, Marliss E B, Greenberg G R, Bruce-Robertson A.
Chromium deficiency, glucose intolerance and neuropathy reversed by chromium supplementation
in a patient receiving long-term total parenteral nutrition.
Am J Clin Nutr.
1977;
30
531-538
- 7
Liu I M, Tsai C C, Lai T Y, Cheng J T.
Stimulatory effect of isoferulic acid on alpha 1 A - adrenoceptor to increase glucose
uptake into cultured myoblasts C2C12 cell of mice.
Auton Neurosci.
2001;
88
175-180
- 8
Lundbaek K.
Intravenous glucose tolerance as a tool in definition and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus.
Bri Med J.
1962;
1
1507-1513
- 9
Mertz W.
Chromium occurrence and function in biological system.
Physiol Rev.
1969;
49
163-239
- 10
Mertz W.
Chromium in human nutrition: a review.
J Nutr.
1993;
123
626-633
- 11
Mertz W, Roginski E E.
Effect of trivalent chromium on galactose entry.
J Biol Chem.
1963;
238
868-872
- 12
Mertz W, Roginski E E, Schwarz K.
Effect of trivalent chromium complexes on glucose uptake by epididymal fat tissue
of rats.
J Biol Chem.
1961;
236
318-322
- 13
Mertz W, Toepfer E W, Roginski E E, Polansky M M.
Present knowledge of role of chromium.
Fed Proc.
1974;
33
2275-2280
- 14
Offenbacher K G, Rinko C J, Pi-Sunyer X.
The effects of inorganic chromium and brewer's yeast on glucose tolerance, plasma
lipids and plasma chromium in elderly subjects.
Am J Clin Nutr.
1985;
42
454-461
- 15
Potter J F, Levin P, Anderson R A, Freiberg J M, Andres R, Elahi D.
Glucose metabolism in glucose-intolerant older people during chromium supplementation.
Metabolism.
1985;
34
199-204
- 16
Reaven G M.
Role of insulin resistance in human disease.
Diabetes.
1988;
37
1596-1607
- 17
Riales R, Albrink M J.
Effect of chromium chloride supplementation on glucose tolerance and serum lipids
including high-density lipoprotein of adult men.
Am J Clin Nutr.
1981;
34
2670-2678
- 18
Sadur C N, Eckel R R.
Insulin stimulation of adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase. Use of euglycemic clamp
technique.
J Clin Invest.
1982;
69
1119-1124
- 19
Shibata T, Matsui K, Nagao K, Shinkai H, Yonemori F, Wakitani K.
Pharmacological profiles of a novel oral antidiabetic agent, JTT-, an isoxazolidinedione
derivative.
Euro J Pharmacol.
1999;
364
211-219
- 20
Shimokawa T, Kagami M, Kato M, Kurosaki E, Shibasaki M, Katoh M.
Effect of YM-126, 414 on glucose uptake and redistribution of glucose transporter
isotype 4 in muscle cells.
Euro J Pharmacol.
2000;
410
1-5
- 21
Shinde U A, Mehta A A, Goyal R K.
Effect of chronic treatment with Bis(maltolato)oxovanadium (IV) in rat model of non-insulin-dependent-diabetes.
Indian J Exp Biol.
2001;
39
864-870
- 22
Thomas V LK, Gropper S S.
Effect of chromium nicotinic acid supplementation on selected cardiovascular risk
factors.
Biol Trace Elem Res.
1997;
55
297-305
- 23
Tuman R, Doisy R.
Metabolic effects of glucose tolerance factor (GTF) in normal and genetically diabetic
mice.
Diabetes.
1977;
26
820-826
- 24
Tuman R W, Bilbo J T, Doisy R J.
Comparison and effects of natural and synthetic glucose tolerance factor in normal
and genetically diabetic mice.
Diabetes.
1978;
27
49-56
- 25
Urberg M, Zemmel M B.
Evidence for synergism between chromium and nicotinic acid in the control of glucose
tolerance in elderly humans.
Metabolism.
1987;
36
896-899
- 26
Uusitupa M IJ, Mykkanen L, Siitonen O, Lakkso M, Sarlund H, Kolehmainen P, Rasanen T,
Kumpulainen J, Pyorala K.
Chromium supplementation in impaired glucose tolerance of elderly: effects on blood
glucose, plasma insulin, C-peptide and lipid levels.
Br J Nutr.
1992;
68
209-216
- 27
Yoshomoto S, Sakamoto K, Wakabayashi I, Masui H.
Effect of chromium administration on glucose tolerance in stroke-prone spontaneously
hypertensive rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes.
Metabolism.
1992;
41
636-642
Dr. Ramesh K. Goyal
Department of Pharmacology
L.M. College of Pharmacy
P.O. Box 4011, Navrangpura
Ahmedabad 380 009
India
Telefon: 91-79-6302746
Fax: 91-79-6 30 48 65
eMail: goyalrk@rediffmail.com
