Zusammenfassung
Die postpartalen psychischen Störungen lassen sich im Wesentlichen drei Gruppen zuordnen:
Dem so genannten „Baby Blues”, der Wochenbettdepression und der Wochenbettpsychose.
Der etwa 3 - 5 Tage nach Entbindung auftretende Baby Blues kommt nach 50 - 70 % aller
Geburten vor und klingt nach etwa einer Woche ohne weitere Therapie meist folgenlos
ab. Allerdings entwickeln 20 - 30 % dieser Frauen im weiteren Wochenbettverlauf eine
Depression, weshalb bei über 2 Wochen post partum persistierenden Bluessymptomen eine
genauere Exploration hinsichtlich einer Depression zu empfehlen ist. Wochenbettdepressionen
betreffen 10 - 15 % aller Entbundenen; sie treten meist mehrere Wochen bis Monate
nach Entbindung in Form einer depressiven Verstimmung mit Schlafstörungen, Ängstlichkeit,
Antriebsmangel, Interessenverlust und Schuldgefühlen bis hin zu Selbstmordgedanken
auf. Um sie nicht als Babyblues fehlzudeuten, sind gezielte Fragen nach der Stimmungslage
der jungen Mutter bei der Untersuchung 6 Wochen post partum, ggfs. unter Anwendung
der Edinburgh-Skala zu empfehlen. Patientinnen mit bekannten Risikofaktoren für die
Entwicklung einer Wochenbettdepression (Z.n. Wochenbettdepression oder Wochenbettpsychose,
depressive Erkrankung, Angsterkrankung, bipolare Erkrankung) bedürfen einer engmaschigen
Überwachung und ggfs. einer prophylaktischen Behandlung in Kooperation mit dem Psychiater.
Leichtere Formen der Wochenbettdepression sind ambulant mit psychotherapeutischen
und soziotherapeutischen Maßnahmen meist gut zu behandeln. Bei schwereren Verläufen
sind Antidepressiva (selektive Serotoninwiederaufnahmehemmer (SSRI) oder bestimmte
Trizyklika) indiziert. Postpartale Angst- und Zwangsstörungen sprechen gut auf Psychotherapie
an; bei Angsterkrankungen werden außerdem Benzodiazepine, bei Zwangserkrankungen SSRI
empfohlen. Wochenbettpsychosen (ca. 0,1 - 0,2 %) treten vermehrt bei bekannter bipolarer
oder schizoaffektiver Störung bzw. bei Z.n. Wochenbettpsychose auf. Sie müssen vor
allem wegen der Gefahr des erweiterten Suizids stationär behandelt werden; idealerweise
erfolgt dies in interdisziplinären Mutter-Kind-Einheiten.
Abstract
Postpartum psychic disorders can be mainly divided into 3 groups: The so-called postpartum
blues, the postpartum depression and the postpartum psychosis. The postpartum blues
occurs 3 - 5 days postpartum in 50 - 70 % of deliveries mostly disappearing after
one week without specific therapy. However, 20 - 30 % of patients will develop a depression
in their further postpartum course so that a thorough evaluation concerning depression
is warranted, if blues symptoms persist more than 2 weeks. Postpartum depression can
be found in 10 - 15 % of deliveries and mostly occurs several weeks or months after
delivery with symptoms of depressive mood, sleeping disorders, anxiety, loss of interest
and accord and feelings of guilt up to suicidal ideas. In order not to misinterpret
them as postpartum blues specific questions concerning the mood of the young mother
during the postpartum examination - if necessary using the Edinburgh scale - are recommended.
In patients with known risk factors for a postpartum depression (i. e. postpartum
depression or psychosis in previous pregnancies, depression disorder, anxiety disorder,
bipolar illness), a thorough survey is mandatory and - if necessary - a prophylactic
treatment in cooperation with the psychiatrist.
Less severe forms of postpartum depression can mostly be treated with psychotherapy
and sociotherapy on an outpatient basis. In more severe cases, antidepressant drugs
(selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, SSRIs or some tricyclic drugs) are indicated.
Postpartum anxiety and compulsive disorders respond well to psychotherapy; besides
in anxiety disorders benzodiazepines are recommended, in compulsive disorders SSRIs.
Postpartum psychoses (about 0.1 - 0.2 %) most often occur in bipolar or schizoaffective
disorders or after postpartum psychosis. They require a hopitalization mainly because
of the danger of suicide and homicide toward the newborn; ideally this is performed
in mother-child-units.
Schlüsselwörter
Babyblues - Wochenbettdepression - Wochenbettpsychose
Key words
Postpartum blues - postpartum depression - postpartum psychosis
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Dr. med. Birgit Kemp
Universitätsfrauenklinik Aachen
Pauwelsstr. 30
52074 Aachen
Phone: 0241/8088400
Fax: 0241/8082476
Email: Dr.Kemp@t-online.de