Zusammenfassung
Das Corpus callosum (CC) ist die wichtigste Verbindung zwischen beiden Großhirnhälften.
Der Informationstransfer zwischen beiden Gehirnhälften ist wegen der Lateralisierung
bestimmter Hirnfunktionen zur Generierung eines optimalen psychomotorischen Funktionszustandes
von Bedeutung. Dysfunktionen des CC können zu neuropsychologischen Defiziten führen
und möglicherweise zu psychiatrischen Erkrankungen beitragen. Dargestellt werden die
normale sowie die gestörte Entwicklung des CC, die makroskopische und mikroskopische
Anatomie sowie die z. T. erheblichen Folgen einer operativen Durchtrennung des CC
für visuelle, somatosensorische und auditorische Funktionssysteme. Zur Untersuchung
der physiologischen Kooperation beider Hemisphären werden zwei elelektrophysiologische
Testmethoden der kallosalen Informationsübertragung vorgestellt: Der interhemisphärische
Transfer bei schnellen visuo-motorischen Aufgaben (CUD) und die transkallosale Inhibition
(TI). Eine erste Studie an unmedizierten, schizophrenen Patienten zeigte eine verminderte
mittlere TI. Dies könnte für eine verminderte transkallosale Inhibition der Motorkortizes
bei der Schizophrenie sprechen. Zusätzlich werden weitere Ergebnisse vorgestellt und
diskutiert, die das CC und die Transferfunktionen schizophrener Patienten untersucht
haben. In weiterführenden Untersuchungen sollte die mögliche Rolle des transkallosalen
Informationstransfers für distinkte Symptomkonstellationen und neuropsychologische
Defizite schizophrener Patienten untersucht werden.
Abstract
The corpus callosum (CC) is the brain's most important connection between cortical
areas of both hemispheres. Due to the hemispheric lateralisation of brain function,
information transfer between both hemispheres is vital for an optimal performance
in tasks, in which several psycho-motor functions have to be integrated. Dysfunction
of the CC can lead to deficits in neuropsychological tasks and could contribute to
pathologies underlying psychiatric illnesses. In this review the normal and abnormal
development of the CC as well as its macro- and microscopic anatomy will be outlined.
Then the detrimental effects of operative callosomy on different modalities, e. g.
on vision, the somatosensory and the auditory system, will be discussed. Two electrophysiological
methods will be introduced, with which interhemispheric communication can be studied:
hemispheric transfer in rapid visuo-motoric tasks (CUD) and transcallosal inhibition
(TI), a phenomenon which occurs in a special paradigm of transcranial magnetic stimulation.
A first study found TI to be reduced in unmedicated schizophrenic patients. This suggests
that an inhibition between motor cortices could be reduced in schizophrenic patients.
Further results of other studies, which have analysed the CC and interhemispheric
transfer in schizophrenic patients, will be introduced and discussed. In future experiments,
the contribution of dysfunctions of transcallosal transfer to psychopathological symptoms
and neuropsychological deficits in schizophrenia should be studied.
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Dr. med. Hans Joergen Grabe
Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie der Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität, Greifswald,
· Klinikum der Hansestadt Stralsund
Rostocker Chaussee 70
18437 Stralsund
Email: grabeh@uni-greifswald.de
