Zusammenfassung
Landwirtschaft ist nach wie vor weltweit ein bedeutender Wirtschaftssektor. Eine hohe
Prävalenz von Atemwegserkrankungen bei Landwirten ist bekannt. Im Vordergrund stehen
hierbei das allergische und nicht-allergische Asthma bronchiale, die chronische Bronchitis,
die exogen-allergische Alveolitis sowie das Organic Dust Toxic Syndrome (ODTS). Aufgrund
der Vielgestaltigkeit des landwirtschaftlichen Spektrums innerhalb Europas können
sich die Expositionen und damit die Risikofaktoren für Atemwegserkrankungen stark
unterscheiden. Während in der Getreideverarbeitung und in der Nutztierhaltung insbesondere
die Exposition gegenüber organischen Stäuben und irritativen Gasen im Vordergrund
steht, sind Beschäftigte in Gewächshäusern vorrangig gegenüber Pollen, Pilzsporen
und Pestiziden exponiert. Bislang war das Wissen über die Prävalenz von Atemwegserkrankungen
in den verschiedenen Zweigen der europäischen Landwirtschaft mangels epidemiologischer
Untersuchungen unter Einsatz standardisierter Erhebungsinstrumente stark eingeschränkt.
In diesem Zusammenhang fehlten auch zuverlässige Angaben über die für die Entwicklung
von Atemwegserkrankungen relevanten Betriebscharakteristika und Expositionsparameter.
Aus diesem Grund wurde die im zweiten Teil dieses Artikels vorgestellte europäische
Landwirtschaftsstudie initiiert.
Abstract
Farming is still one of the most important economic sectors in the world. At the same
time, a high prevalence of respiratory diseases in farmers is well known. Among these,
allergic and non-allergic asthma, chronic bronchitis, hypersensitivity pneumonitis
and organic dust toxic syndrome (ODTS) are of uppermost importance. Because of the
large variety of agriculture across Europe exposure conditions and risk factors for
airway diseases may vary largely. While exposure to organic dusts and irritants are
most important in grain and animal production, workers in greenhouses are mainly exposed
to pollen, fungi, as well as pesticides. Up to now, the knowledge about the prevalence
of respiratory diseases in European farmers working in different agricultural sectors
was limited. Furthermore, reliable data on farming characteristics as well as exposure
patterns that might prone risk factors for respiratory diseases were missing. Therefore,
the European Farmers' Project was initiated. The results of this study are given in
the second part of this paper.
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1 Der Begriff „Landwirt” umfasst im Folgenden sowohl selbständige Landwirte als auch
Angestellte auf landwirtschaftlichen Betrieben.
2 Der Begriff „Beschäftigte in Gewächshäusern” umfasst im Folgenden sowohl selbständige
Landwirte als auch Angestellte mit Tätigkeiten in Gewächshäusern.
PD Dr. Katja Radon
Arbeitsgruppe Arbeits- und Umweltepidemiologie & Net Teaching · Institut für Arbeits-
und Umweltmedizin
Ziemssenstr. 1
80336 München
eMail: kradon@arbeits.med.uni-muenchen.de