Zusammenfassung
Kostenforschung ist sowohl im breiten Gesundheits- als auch im
Suchtbereich in den letzten Jahren eine wichtige Perspektive geworden. Im
illegalen Drogenbereich bietet sich aus sozialwissenschaftlicher Warte ein
beispielhafter Überblick zum Stand und Beitrag der Kostenforschung
für das Phänomen der Opiatsucht und ihrer Behandlung an. Aus einer
Forschungsperiode von fast dreißig Jahren geht konsequent und klar
hervor, dass der Großteil der durch illegale Opiatsucht bedingten
sozialen Kosten mit Kriminalität bzw. der Strafverfolgung
zusammenhängt. Im Behandlungsfeld wird dagegen gezeigt, dass die
vorherrschenden Opiatbehandlungsmodi - vor allem Substitutionsbehandlung
- positive Kosten-Nutzen-Effekte erzielen. Die komplexe Herausforderung
scheint nun aber die Bedeutung und Anwendung dieser scheinbar klaren
Wissensstände und ihrer Determinanten auf die Praxis der Opiatkontroll-
oder Behandlungspolitik zu sein. Bisher dokumentierte Kostendynamiken in der
Opiatsucht und ihrer Behandlung kämpfen mit dem Problem, dass sie a) in
einem sozial konstruierten Umfeld der Illegalität wirken, b) aus
spezifischen Forschungsperspektiven hervorgehen und daher nicht auf
Allgemeinpopulationen generalisierbar sind und c) in ihrer gegenwärtigen
Form wenig zum Bau eines optimierten Behandlungssystems beitragen.
Abstract
Cost research has become an important perspective in recent years,
both in the general health as well as the substance use area. In the field of
illegal drugs, an exemplary overview will be provided on the status and
contribution of cost research on the topic of illicit opiate addiction and its
treatment. From a research tradition spanning almost thirty years emerges the
consistent and clear knowledge that the lion share of social costs associated
with illicit opiate use relates to criminality or the various levels of
criminal justice. In the field of treatment it is consistently shown that the
predominant modes of treatment - primarily substitution therapy -
produce positive cost-benefit ratios. The most difficult challenge, however,
seems to be the interpretation and application of these seemingly clear states
of knowledge and their determinants to the practices of opiate policy and
treatment. The documentation of the cost dynamics for illicit opiate addiction
and its treatment up to this point battles with the issues that: a) they take
effect in a socially constructed environment of illegality; b) they emerge on
the basis of specific and narrow research perspectives and thus are not
generalizable to naturally given populations; and c) in their current form
contribute little to the building of an optimised intervention system.
Schlüsselwörter
Opiatsucht - Substitutionsbehandlung - Kostenstudien - Drogenpolitik
Key words
Opiate addiction - substitution treatment - cost studies - drug policy
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1 Die in den einzelnen Studien genannten Kostenfelder wurden vom
Autor nach bestmöglicher Einschätzung harmonisiert und
rekategorisiert und sind so in Tab. 1 dargestellt; Kostenproportionen sind
ebenfalls vom Autor selbst berechnet.
Benedikt Fischer, PhD
CAMH/ARF-2035
33 Russell St.
Toronto, Ont.
M5S 2S1
Kanada
Email: Benedikt.Fischer@Utoronto.ca