Zusammenfassung
Postoperative Übelkeit und Erbrechen (PONV) ist eine der
häufigsten Komplikationen bei operativen Eingriffen in der Hals-, Nasen-
und Ohrenheilkunde. Abhängig von prädisponierenden Faktoren des
Patienten, der Art des Eingriffes und dem anästhesiologischen Verfahren
können Inzidenzen von über 70 % beobachtet werden. Dies
kann zu erheblichen medizinischen, organisatorischen und vor allem
ökonomischen Problemen führen. Bei so genannten Hochrisiko-Patienten
wird daher neben einem adäquaten anästhesiologischen und operativen
Management eine gezielte antiemetische Prophylaxe empfohlen. Medikamente aus
der Gruppe der 5-HT3 -Rezeptor-Antagonisten erscheinen hierbei als
besonders effektiv. Dieser Artikel soll eine Übersicht über Ursachen,
Prävention und Management von postoperativer Übelkeit und Erbrechen
in der Hals-, Nasen- und Ohrenheilkunde geben.
Abstract
Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) are among the most common
complications in operative medicine. Especially patients undergoing middle ear
surgery or adenotonsillectomy are frequently associated with PONV
(70 %). Furthermore, emesis carries the risk of severe
postoperative complications and is associated with additional costs and
distress in patient management. If the patient carries a high risk for
postoperative emesis, the patient should receive a prophylactic antiemetic
therapy. 5-HT3 receptor antagonists are highly effective in
prevention and management of PONV. This review will discuss pathophysiology,
prophylaxis and treatment of postoperative nausea and vomiting after E.N.T.
surgery.
Schlüsselwörter
PONV - Erbrechen - Übelkeit - HNO - Tonsillektomien - Pathophysiologie - Prophylaxe
- Ökonomie
Key words
PONV - Vomiting - Nausea - E.N.T. - Tonsillectomy - Pathophysiology - Prophylaxis
- 5-HT3 receptor antagonists - Economy
Literatur
1
Van Wijk M G, Smalhout B.
A postoperative analysis of the patient's view of
anaesthesia in a Netherlands' teaching hospital.
Anaesthesia.
1990;
45
679-682
2
Watcha M F, White P F.
Postoperative nausea and vomiting. Its etiology, treatment
and preention.
Anesthesiology.
1992;
77
162-184
3
Scholz J, Steinfath M, Tonner P H.
Postoperative nausea and vomiting.
Curr Opin Anaesth.
1999;
12
657-661
4
Koivuranta M, Läärä E, Snare L, Alahuta S.
A survey of postoperative nausea and vomiting.
Anaesthesia.
1997;
52
443-449
5
Jensen A L.
Tropisetron reduces postoperative vomiting in childrens
undergoing tonsillectomy.
Paediatric Anaesthesia.
2000;
10
69-75
6
Hamid S K, Selby I R, Sikich N, Lerman J.
Vomiting after adenotonsillectomy in children: a comparison
of ondansetron, dimenhydrinate, and placebo.
Anesth Analg.
1998;
86
496-500
7
Honkavaara P, Pykkö I.
Surgeon's experience as a factor for emetic sequelae
after middle ear surgery.
Acta Anaesthesiol Scand.
1998;
42
1033-1037
8
Biedler A, Wilhelm W.
Postoperative Übelkeit und Erbrechen.
Anaesthesist.
1998;
47
145-158
9
Sinclair D R, Chung F, Mezzo G.
Can postoperative nausea and vomiting be predicted?.
Anesthesiology.
1999;
91
109-118
10
Apfel C C, Greim C A, Goepfert C, Grundt D, Usadel J, Sefrin P, Roewer N.
Postoperatives Erbrechen. Ein Score zur Voraussage der
Erbrechenswahrscheinlichkeit nach Inhalationsanästhesien.
Anaesthesist.
1998;
47
732-740
11
Palazzo M AG, Strunin L.
Anaesthesia and emesis: I. Etiology.
Can Anaesth Soc J.
1984;
31
178-187
12
Lerman J.
Surgical and patient factors involved in postoperative nausea
and vomiting.
Br J Anaesth.
1992;
69
24-32
13
Apfel C C, Roewer N.
Einflussfaktoren von Übelkeit und Erbrechen nach
Narkosen.
Der Anästhesist.
2000;
49
629-642
14
Eberhart L HJ, Morin A M, Felbinger T W, Falkner Y, Georgieff M, Seeling W.
Ergebnisse einer Umfrage unter Anästhesisten zum Thema
Übelkeit und Erbrechen in der postoperativen Phase.
Anästhesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzth.
1998;
33
45-551
15
Sershen H, Toth E, Lajtha A, Vizi E S.
Nicotine effects on presynaptic rezeptor interactions.
Ann New York Acad Sci.
1995;
757
238-244
16
Chimbira W, Sweeney B P.
The effect of smoking on postoperative nausea and
vomiting.
Anaesthesia.
2000;
55
540-544
17
Unkel W, Peters J.
Postoperative Nausea and Emesis: Mechanismen und
Behandlung.
Anästhesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzth.
1998;
33
533-544
18
Cohen M M, Duncan P G, De Boer D P, Tweed W A.
The postoperative interview: assessing risk factors for
nausea and vomiting.
Anesth Analg.
1994;
78
7-16
19
Hennes H J, Scholz J, Kassabian T, von Stritzky B, Färber L.
Incidence of nausea and vomiting after general anaesthesia -
a prospective study in 6705 patients.
Anesthesiology.
1999;
91
394
20
Forrest J B, Cahalan M K, Rehder K, Goldsmith C H, Levy W J, Strunin L, Bota W, Boucek C D,
Cuchiara R F, Dhamee S, Domino K B, Dudman A J, Hamilton W K, Kampine J, Kortly K J,
Maltby R, Mazloomdoost M, MacKenzie R A, Melnick B M, Motoyama E, Muir J J, Munshi C.
Multicenter study of general anesthesia. I. Design and
Patient Demography II. Results.
Anesthesiology.
1990;
87
779-784
21
Loop T, Priebe H J.
Recovery after anesthesia with remifentanil combined with
propofol, desflurane, or sevoflurane for otorhinolaryngeal surgery.
Anesth Analg.
2000;
91
123-129
22
Sney J R, Carr A, Byrom W D, Bilski A J.
A meta-analysis of nausea and vomiting following maintenance
of anaesthesia with propofol or inhalation agents.
Eur J Anaesthesiol.
1998;
15
433-445
23
Borgeat A, Stirnemann H R.
Antiemetische Wirkung von Propofol.
Anaesthesist.
1998;
47
918-924
24
Fujii Y, Tanaka H, Kobayashi N.
Prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting with
antiemetics in patients undergoing middle ear surgery: Comparison of a small
dose of propofol with droperidol or metoclopramide.
Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg.
2001;
127
25-28
25
Hartung J.
Twenty-four of twenty-seven studies show a greater incidence
of emesis associated with nitrous oxide than with alternative anesthetics.
Anesth Analg.
1996;
83
114-116
26
Divatia J V, Vaidja J S, Badwe R A, Hawaldar R W.
Emission of nitrous oxide during anaesthesia reduces the
incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting. A meta-analysis.
Anesthesiology.
1996;
85
1055-1062
27
Tramèr M, Reynolds D J, Moore R A, McQuay H J.
Efficacy, dose-response, and safety of odansetron in
prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting: a quantitative systematic of
randomized placebo-controlled trials.
Anesthesiology.
1997;
87
1277-1289
28
Blackstock D, Gettes M A.
Negative pressure in the middle ear in children after nitrous
oxide anaesthesia.
Can Anaesth Soc J.
1986;
33
32-35
29
Habre W, Sims C.
Propofol anaesthesia and vomiting after myringoplasty
operation in children.
Anaesthesia.
1997;
52
544-546
30
Casey W F, Drake-Lee A B.
Nitrous oxide and middle ear pressure.
Anaesthesia.
1982;
37
896-900
31
Jakobsson J, Davidson S, Andreen M, Westgreen M.
Opioid supplementation to propofol anaesthesia for outpatient
abortion: a comparison between alfentanil, fentanyl and placebo.
Acta Anaesthesiol Scand.
1991;
35
767-770
32
von Stritzky B, Kassabian T, Hennes H J, Scholz J.
Postoperative Übelkeit und Erbrechen, Risikofaktoren
nach Allgemeinanästhesie.
Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin.
2000;
41
475
33
Scuderi P, Wetchler B.
Treatment of postoperative nausea and vomiting after
outpatient surgery with 5-HT3 antagonist odansetron.
Anesthesiology.
1993;
78
15-20
34
Hill R P, Lubarsky D, Phillips-Bute B, Fortney J T, Creed M R, Glass P SA, Gan T J.
Costeffectiveness of prophylactic antiemetic therapy with
ondansetron, droperidol, or placebo.
Anesthesiology.
2000;
92
958-967
35
Henzi I, Walder B.
Metoclopramide in the prevention of postoperative nausea and
vomiting: a quantitative systematic review of randomized, placebocontrolled
studies.
Br J Anaesth.
1999;
83
761-771
36
Eberhart L H, Seeling W, Morin A M, Vogt N, Georgieff M.
Droperidol and Dimenhydrinat alleine und in Kombination zur
Prophylaxe von Übelkeit und Erbrechen in der postoperativen Phase.
Anästhesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzth.
2001;
36
290-295
37
Welters I D, Menges T, Graf M, Beikirch C, Menzebach A, Hempelmann G.
Reduction of postoperative nausea and vomiting by
dimenhydrinate supporitories after strabismus surgery in children.
Anesth Analg.
2000;
90
311-314
38
Schlager A, Mitterschiffthaler G, Puhringer F.
Rectally administered dimenhydrinate reduces postoperative
vomiting in children after strabismus surgery.
Br J Anaesth.
2000;
84
405-406
39
Hamid S K, Selby I R, Sikich N, Lerman J.
Vomiting after adenotonsillectomy in children: a comparison
of odansetron, deminhydrinate, and placebo.
Anesth Analg.
1998;
86
496-500
40
Seeling R, Ulrich B, Morin A, Georgieff M.
Dimenhydrinat und Metoclopramid zur Prophylaxe von
Übelkeit und Erbrechen nach Septorhinoplastiken bei Frauen.
Anästhesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzth.
1999;
43
480-488
41
Dillier C M, Weiss M, Gerber A C.
Tropisetron for prevention of nausea and vomiting in children
undergoing tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy.
Anaesthesist.
2000;
49
275-278
42
Ang C, Habre W, Sims C.
Tropisetron reduces vomiting after tonsillectomy in
children.
BR J Anaesth.
1998;
80
761-763
43
Fujii Y, Toyooka H, Tanaka H.
Granisetron reduces the incidence of nausea and vomiting
after middle ear surgery.
Br J Anaesth.
1997;
79
539-540
44
Fujii Y, Toyooka H, Tanaka H.
Prophylactic antiemetic therapy with a combination of
granisetron and dexamethasone in patients undergoing middle ear surgery.
Br J Anaesth.
1998;
81
754-756
45
Holt R, Rask P, Coulthard K, Sinclair M, Roberts G, v. d. Walt J, Mackenzie V, Rasmussen M.
Tropisetron plus dexamethason is more effective than
tropisetron alone for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting in
children undergoing tonsillectomy.
Paediatric Anaesthesia.
2000;
10
181-188
46
Aapro M S, Plezia P M, Alberts D S, Graham V, Jones S E, Suwit E A, Moun T E.
Double-blind cross-over study on the antiemetic efficacy of
high-dose dexamethasone versus high-dose metoclopramide.
J Clin Oncol.
1984;
2
466-471
47
Fredrikson M, Hursti T, Furst C J, Steineck G, Borjeson S, Wikblom M, Peterson C.
Nausea in cancer chemotherapy is inversly related to urinary
cortisolextraction.
Br J Cancer.
1992;
65
779-780
48
Eberhart L HJ, Morin A M, Georgieff M.
Dexamethasone for prophylaxis of postoperative nausea and
vomiting.
Anaesthesist.
2000;
49
713-720
49
Aouad M T, Sisddik S S, Rizk L B, Zaytoun G M, Baraka A S.
The effect of dexamethasone on postoperative nausea and
vomiting after tonsillectomy.
Anesth Analg.
2001;
92
636-640
50
Pappas A L, Sukhani R, Hotaling A J, Mikat-Stevens M, Javorski J J, Donzelli J, Shenoy K.
The effect of properative dexamethasone on the immediate and
delayed postoperative morbidity in children undergoing tonsillectomy.
Anesth Analg.
1998;
87
57-61
51
Wang J J, Shung-Tai H, Shi-Chun L, Yao-Chi L, Yun-Hou L, Yuan-Chung L.
The prophylactic effect of dexamethasone on postoperative
nausea and vomiting in women undergoing thyreodectomy: A comparison of
droperidol with saline.
Anesth Analg.
1999;
89
200-203
52
Henzi I, Walder B, Tramér M R.
Dexamethasone for the prevention of postoperative nausea and
vomiting: a quantitative systematic review.
Anesth Analg.
2000;
90
186-194
53
Papangelou L.
Steroid therapy in tonsillectomy.
Laryngoscope.
1972;
82
297-302
54
Tom L W, Temleton J J, Thompson M E, Marsh R R.
Dexamethasone in adenotonsillectomy.
Int J Paediatr Otorhinolaryngol.
1996;
37
115-120
Priv.-Doz. Dr. Frank Wappler
Klinik und Poliklinik für Anästhesiologie ·
Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf
Martinistraße 52 · 20251 Hamburg