Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund: Die kumulative Anthrazyklindosis in der Primärtherapie der akuten myeloischen Leukämie
(AML) bei Kindern beschränkt aufgrund des Risikos anthrazyklininduzierter Kardiomyopathien
die Anwendung herkömmlicher Anthrazykline in der Rezidivtherapie. Die liposomale Formulierung
des Daunorubicins (L-DNR) könnte bei gleicher Effektivität die Kardiotoxizität mindern.
Methoden: In der AML-BFM REZ-97-Studie wurde L-DNR (2 × 60 mg/m2 n = 38, ab 2/1999 3 × 60 mg/m2 n = 31) in Kombination mit Cytarabin (500 mg/m2 /4 d) zur Induktion eingesetzt. Bei Erreichen einer 2. „Remission” wurde eine allogene
Stammzelltransplantation („matched family donor” [MFD]; „matched unrelated donor”
[MUD]-SZT) empfohlen. Bei fehlendem Spender kam im frühen Rezidiv eine haploidentische
SZT, bei spätem Rezidiv eine autologe SZT infrage. Patienten: Von 1/1997 bis 9/2001 wurden 69 Kinder in die Studie aufgenommen. Die mediane Dauer
der 1. Remission betrug 0,9 Jahre, 41 Kinder hatten ein frühes (1. Remission < 1 Jahr)
und 28 ein spätes Rezidiv. Ergebnisse: 46 Kinder (67 %) erreichten eine Blastenelimination mit partieller hämatologischer
Rekonstitution, von denen 17 überlebten (12 von 25 Patienten nach allogener SZT [MUD/MFD];
1 von 8 Kindern nach haploidentischer SZT, 1 von 4 Kindern nach autologer SZT und
3 von 9 Patienten nach Chemotherapie). Weitere drei Kinder mit partieller Blastenpersistenz
leben nach MFD-SZT (n = 2) oder Chemotherapie (n = 1) mit einer Nachbeobachtungszeit
von 0,3 - 0,7 Jahren. Die prognostische Bedeutung der Erstremissionsdauer konnte bestätigt
werden. Trotz der ausgeprägten akuten Toxizitäten wie Infektionen, Septitiden, Mukositiden
in Aplasie oder GvHD war die Therapie durchführbar. Die pharmakokinetische Begleituntersuchung
des L-DNR ergab eine hohe Gesamt-AUC von im Mittel 234,6 mg/l/h bei einer Dosis von
60 mg/m2 sowie mit 1,98l/m2 ein deutlich geringeres Verteilungsvolumen im Vergleich zu konventionellem Daunorubicin.
Klinisch manifeste Kardiotoxizitäten traten bislang nicht auf, eine abschließende
Beurteilung der Kardiotoxizität erfordert jedoch eine längere Nachbeobachtungszeit.
Zusammenfassend ist die Rezidivtherapie mit L-DNR und Cytarabin eine effektive Möglichkeit, eine erneute
Remission zu erreichen und so eine langfristige Heilung durch eine anschließende allogene
SZT zu ermöglichen.
Abstract
Background: First-line treatment in AML commonly included high cumulative doses of anthracyclines
with an increasing risk of cardiotoxicity. Liposomal daunorubicin (L-DNR) is thought
to be less cardiotoxic without impairment of efficacy. Methods: The AML-BFM REZ 97 study included two reinduction blocks with L-DNR (2 × 60 mg/m2 n = 38, since 2/1999 3 × 60 mg/m2 n = 31) combined with cytarabine (500 mg/m2 4 d). Children who achieved a second blast clearance were allocated to allogeneic
stem cell transplantation either from a matched related (MRD) or a matched unrelated
donor (MUD). Lack of a donor justified haploidentical SCT in early relapse (1st remission
< 1 year) and autologous SCT in late relapse. Patients: Between 1/1997 and 9/2001, 69 children were enrolled in the AML-BFM 97 relapse
study. The median duration of first remission was 0.9 years. Forty-one patients had
a remission of less than one year, 28 of more than a year. Results: 46 children (67 %) achieved a second remission, defined as clearance of blasts in
bone marrow and at least a partial hematological reconstitution. Seventeen of these
children are alive (12 of 25 children receiving allogeneic SCT (MFD/MUD); 1 of 8 children
after haploidentical SCT; 1 of 4 patients after autologous SCT and 3 of 9 patients
treated with chemotherapy only). Further three children without 2nd remission survived
after MFD-SCT (n = 2) or chemotherapy (n = 1; follow-up 0.3 to 0.7 years). Duration
of first remission remains a significant prognostic factor. The pharmacokinetic investigation
showed a high overall AUC of 234.6 mg/l h at a dose of 60 mg/m2 , and a volume of distribution of 1.98 l/m2 , which is much lower in comparison to conventional Daunorubicin. Regarding toxicity,
the combination of L-DNR and cytarabine followed by SCT was feasible in experienced
centers, however, acute complications like infection or septicemia in aplasia, mucositis
and GvHD were common. By contrast, no clinical relevant cardiotoxicity was seen so
far, but definitive results in long-term cardiotoxicity await a longer follow-up.
In conclusion , L-DNR/cytarabine treatment induced a 2nd remission in most of the children with
relapsed or refractory AML. It has to be followed by allogeneic SCT which enables
long-term survival.
Schlüsselwörter
Akute myeloische Leukämie - Kinder - Rezidiv - Kardiotoxizität - Liposomales Daunorubicin
Key words
Acute myeloid leukemia - Children - Relapse - Cardiotoxicity - Liposomal daunorubicin
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Dr. med. Dirk Reinhardt
Pädiatrische Hämatologie/Onkologie, Universität Münster
Albert-Schweitzer-Straße 33
48129 Münster
Telefon: + 49-251-8356487
Fax: + 49-251-8356489
eMail: drein@uni-muenster.de