Subscribe to RSS
Please copy the URL and add it into your RSS Feed Reader.
https://www.thieme-connect.de/rss/thieme/en/10.1055-s-00000072.xml
Download PDF
Semin Reprod Med 2002; 20(2): 113-122
DOI: 10.1055/s-2002-32502
DOI: 10.1055/s-2002-32502
Leptin: Roles and Regulation in Primate Pregnancy
Further Information
Publication History
Publication Date:
27 June 2002 (online)
ABSTRACT
Leptin, a hormone produced by adipose tissue and the placenta, is enhanced in the maternal circulation throughout pregnancy in both the human and the baboon (Papio sp.), a proven nonhuman primate model for the study of human pregnancy. The presence of both leptin and its receptor in the fetus implies a role for the polypeptide as a regulator of in utero development, although localization in the placental trophoblast may relate to autocrine and/or paracrine regulatory functions in this important endocrine tissue. Although regulatory mechanisms remain incompletely defined, it has been suggested that cross talk occurs between the fetus, placenta, and maternal adipose stores. Placental estrogen, which is present in increasing concentrations with advancing gestation, is suggested to influence leptin synthesis in a tissue- and cell type-specific fashion. In this capacity, cellular hypoxia, diabetes, and preeclampsia are conditions that appear to be intimately linked to leptin dynamics. A better understanding of regulatory mechanisms will have direct clinical significance, as leptin has been proposed to impact on those causes of human perinatal morbidity and mortality that are associated with anomalies of fetal maturity and development, general conceptus growth, trophoblast endocrinology, and placental sufficiency.
KEYWORDS
Leptin - fetus - placenta - trophoblast - estrogen
REFERENCES
- 1 Henson M C, Castracane V D. Leptin in pregnancy. Biol Reprod . 2000; 63 1219-1228
- 2 Hoggard N, Haggarty P, Thomas L, Rea G. Leptin expression in placental and fetal tissues: does leptin have a functional role?. Biochem Soc Trans . 2001; 29 57-63
- 3 Reitman M L, Bi S, Marcus-Samuels B, Gavrilova O. Leptin and its role in pregnancy and fetal development: an overview. Biochem Soc Trans . 2001; 29 68-72
- 4 Kiess W, Siebler T, Inglaro P. Leptin as a metabolic regulator during fetal and neonatal life and in childhood and adolescence. J Ped Clin Endocrinol Metab . 1998; 11 433-496
- 5 Mantzoros C S, Moschos S J. Leptin: in search of role(s) in human physiology and pathophysiology. Clin Endocrinol . 1998; 49 551-567
- 6 Harigaya A, Nagashima K, Nako Y, Morikawa A. Relationship between concentrations of serum leptin and fetal growth. J Clin Endocrinol Metab . 1997; 82 3281-3284
- 7 Lea R G, Howe D, Hannah L T, Bonneau O, Hunter L, Hoggard N. Placental leptin in normal, diabetic and fetal growth-retarded pregnancies. Mol Hum Reprod . 2000; 6 763-769
- 8 Gomez L, Carrascosa A, Yeste D. Leptin values in placental cord blood of human newborns with normal intrauterine growth after 30-42 weeks of gestation. Horm Res . 1999; 51 10-14
- 9
Koistinen H A, Koivisto V A, Andersson S.
Leptin concentration in cord blood correlates with intrauterine growth.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab .
1997;
82
3328-3330
MissingFormLabel
- 10 Christou H, Connors J M, Ziotopoulou M. Cord blood leptin and insulin-like growth factor levels are independent predictors of fetal growth. J Clin Endocrinol Metab . 2001; 86 935-938
- 11 Lepercq J, Taupin P, Dubois-Laforgne D. Heterogeneity of fetal growth in type 1 diabetic pregnancy. Diabetes Metab . 2001; 27 339-344
- 12 Hoggard N, Crabtree J, Allstaff S, Abramovich D R, Haggarty P. Leptin secretion to both the maternal and fetal circulations in the ex vivo perfused human term placenta. Placenta . 2001; 22 347-352
- 13 Soorana S R, Ward S, Bajoria R. Discordant fetal leptin levels in monochorionic twin with chronic midtrimester twin-twin transfusion syndrome. Placenta . 2001; 22 392-398
- 14 Soorana S R, Ward S, Bajoria R. Fetal leptin influences birth weight in twins with discordant growth. Pediatr Res . 2001; 49 667-672
- 15 Jaquet D, Gaboriau A, Czernichow P, Levy-Marchal C. Relatively low serum leptin levels in adults born with intra-uterine growth retardation. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord . 2001; 25 491-495
- 16 Yura S, Sagawa N, Mise H. A positive umbilical venous-arterial difference of leptin level and its rapid decline after birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol . 1998; 178 926-930
- 17 Masuzaki H, Ogawa Y, Sagawa N. Non-adipose tissue production of leptin: leptin as a novel placenta-derived hormone in humans. Nat Med . 1997; 3 1029-103
- 18 Clapp III F J, Kiess W. Cord blood leptin reflects fetal fat mass. J Soc Gynecol Invest . 1998; 5 300-303
- 19 Lepercq J, Challier J-C, Guerre-Millo M, Cauzac M, Vidal H, Hauguel-de Mouzon S. Prenatal leptin production: evidence that fetal adipose tissue produces leptin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab . 2001; 86 2409-2413
- 20 Carro E, Senaris R, Considine R V, Casanneva F F, Dieguez C. Regulation of in vivo growth hormone secretion by leptin. Endocrinology . 1997; 138 2202-2206
- 21 Carro E, Senaris R M, Seoane L M. Regulation of growth hormone (GH)-releasing hormone and somatostatin on leptin-induced GH secretion. Neuroendocrinology . 1999; 69 3-10
- 22 Shimon I, Yan X, Magoffin D A, Friedman T C, Melmed S. Intact leptin receptor is selectively expressed in human fetal pituitary and pituitary adenomas and signals human fetal pituitary growth hormone secretion. J Clin Endocrinol Metab . 1998; 83 4059-4064
- 23 Chen C, Roh S-G, Nie G-Y. The in vitro effect of leptin on growth hormone secretion from primary cultured ovine somatotrophs. Endocrine . 2001; 14 73-78
- 24 Alsat E, Guibourdenche J, Couturier A, Evain-Brion D. Physiological role of human placental growth hormone. Molec Cell Endocrinol . 1998; 140 120-127
- 25 Ong K KL, Ahmed M L, Sheriff A. Cord blood leptin is associated with size at birth and predicts infancy weight gain in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab . 1999; 84 1145-1148
- 26 Steppan C M, Swick A G. A role for leptin in brain development. Biochem Biophys Res Comm . 1999; 256 600-602
- 27 Ahima R S, Flier J S. Leptin. Ann Rev Physiol . 2000; 62 413-437
- 28 Ogueh O, Sooranna S, Nicolaides K H, Johnson M R. The relationship between leptin concentration and bone metabolism in the human fetus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab . 2000; 85 1997-1999
- 29 Gordeladze J O, Reseland J E, Drevon C A. Pharmacological interference with transcriptional control of osteoblasts: a possible role for leptin and fatty acids in maintaining bone strength and body lean mass. Curr Pharm Design . 2001; 7 275-290
- 30 Pasco J A, Henry M J, Kotowiez M A. Serum leptin levels are associated with bone mass in nonobese women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab . 2001; 86 1884-1887
- 31 Steppan C M, Crawford D T, Chidsey-Frink K L, Ke H, Swick A G. Leptin is a potent regulator of fetal growth in ob/ob mice. Regul Pept . 2000; 92 73-78
- 32 Sierra-Honigmann M R, Nath A K, Murakami C. Biological action of leptin as an angiogenic factor. Science . 1998; 281 1683-1686
- 33 Park H Y, Kwon H M, Lim H J. Potential role of leptin in angiogenesis: leptin induces endothelial cell proliferation and expression of metalloproteinases in vivo and in vitro. Exp Mol Med . 2001; 33 95-102
- 34 Bouloumie A, Drexler H CA, Lafontan M, Busse R. Leptin, the product of ob gene, promotes angiogenesis. Circ Res . 1998; 83 1059-1066
- 35 Cao R, Brakenheim E, Wahlestedt C, Thyberg J, Cao Y. Leptin induces vascular permeability and synergistically stimulates angiogenesis with FGF-2 and VEGF. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A . 2001; 98 6390-6395
- 36 Ribatti D, Nico B, Belloni A S, Vacca A, Roncali L, Nussdorfer G G. Angiogenic activity of leptin in the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane is in part mediated by endogenous fibroblast growth factor-2. Int J Mol Med . 2001; 8 265-268
- 37 Islam M S, Sjoholm A, Emilsson V. Fetal pancreatic islets express functional leptin receptors and leptin stimulates proliferation of fetal islet cells. Int J Obes . 2000; 24 1246-1253
- 38 Hardwick J C, Van Den Brink G R, Offerhaus G J, Van Deventer S J, Peppelenbosch M P. Leptin is a growth factor for colonic epithelial cells. Gastroenterology . 2001; 121 79-90
- 39 Lamosova D, Zeman M. Effect of leptin and insulin on chick embryonic muscle cells and hepatocytes. Physiol Res . 2001; 50 183-189
- 40 Roberts T J, Nijland M J, Caston-Balderrama A, Ross M G. Central leptin stimulates ingestive behavior and urine flow in the near term ovine fetus. Horm Metab Res . 2001; 33 144-150
- 41 Ashworth C J, Hoggard N, Thomas L, Mercer J G, Wallace J M, Lea R G. Placental leptin. Rev Reprod . 2000; 5 18-24
- 42 Pepe G J, Albrecht E D. Actions of placental and fetal adrenal steroid hormones in primate pregnancy. Endocr Rev . 1995; 16 608-648
- 43 Meisser A, Cameo P, Islami D, Campana A, Bischof P. Effects of interleukin-6 (Il-6) on trophoblast cells. Mol Hum Reprod . 1999; 5 1055-1058
- 44 Chardonnens D, Cameo P, Aubert M L. Modulation of human cytotrophoblastic leptin secretion by interleukin-1 alpha and 17 beta-oestradiol and its effect on hCG secretion. Mol Hum Reprod . 1999; 5 1077-1082
- 45 Lage M, Garcia-Mayo R V, Tome M A. Serum leptin levels in women throughout pregnancy and the postpartum period and in women suffering spontaneous abortion. Clin Endocrinol . 1999; 50 211-216
- 46 Gonzalez R R, Caballero-Campo P, Jasper M. Leptin and leptin receptor are expressed in the human endometrium and endometrial leptin secretion is regulated by the human blastocyst. J Clin Endocrinol Metab . 2000; 85 4883-4888
- 47 Castellucci M, De Matteis R, Meisser A. Leptin modulates extracellular matrix molecules and metalloproteinases: possible implications for trophoblast invasion. Mol Hum Reprod . 2000; 6 951-958
- 48 Williams M A, Havel P J, Schuartz M W. Pre-eclampsia disrupts the normal relationship between serum leptin concentrations and adiposity in pregnant women. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol . 1999; 3 190-204
- 49 McCarthy J F, Misra D N, Roberts J M. Maternal plasma leptin is increased in preeclampsia and positively correlates with fetal cord concentration. Am J Obstet Gynecol . 1999; 180 731-736
- 50 Anim-Nyame N, Soorana S R, Steer P J, Johnson M R. Longitudinal analysis of maternal plasma leptin concentrations during normal pregnancy and pre-eclampsia. Hum Reprod . 2000; 15 2033-2036
- 51 Teppa R J, Ness R B, Crombleholme W R, Roberts J M. Free leptin is increased in normal pregnancy and further increased in preeclampsia. Metab . 2000; 49 1043-1048
- 52 Mise H, Sagawa N, Matsumoto T. Augmented placental production of leptin in preeclampsia: possible involvement of placental hypoxia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab . 1998; 83 3225-3229
- 53 Hytinantti T, Koistinen H A, Teramo K, Karonen S L, Koivisto V A, Andersson S. Increased fetal leptin in type I diabetes mellitus pregnancies complicated by chronic hypoxia. Diabetologia . 2000; 43 709-713
- 54 Stock S M, Bremme K A. Elevation of plasma leptin levels during pregnancy in normal and diabetic women. Metabolism . 1998; 47 840-843
- 55 Lewandowski K, Horn R, O'Callaghan C J. Free leptin, bound leptin, and soluble leptin receptor in normal and diabetic pregnancies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab . 1999; 84 300-306
- 56 Lepercq J, Cauzac M, Lahlon N. Overexpression of placental leptin in diabetic pregnancy: a critical role for insulin. Diabetes . 1999; 47 847-850
- 57 Howe D C, Gertler A, Challis J RG. Leptin suppresses the increase in ACTH secretion in the late gestation fetal sheep: metabolic cues and the timing of parturition. J Soc Gynecol Invest. 2000; 7(suppl):Abstract 35
- 58 Coya R, Gualillo O, Pineda J. Effect of cyclic 3′, 5′-adenosine monophosphate, glucocorticoids, and insulin on leptin messenger RNA levels and leptin secretion in cultured human trophoblast. Biol Reprod . 2001; 65 814-819
- 59 Hardie L, Trayhurn P, Abramovich D, Fowler P. Circulating leptin in women: a longitudinal study in the menstrual cycle and during pregnancy. Clin Endocrinol . 1997; 47 101-106
- 60 Butte N F, Hopkinson J M, Nicolson M A. Leptin in human reproduction: serum leptin levels in pregnant and lactating women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab . 1997; 82 585-589
- 61 Highman T J, Friedman J E, Huston L P, Wong W W, Catalano P M. Longitudinal changes in maternal serum leptin concentrations, body composition, and resting metabolic rate in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol . 1998; 178 1010-1015
- 62 Sivan E, Lin W M, Homko C J, Reece E A, Boden G. Leptin is present in human cord blood. Diabetes . 1997; 46 917-919
- 63 Matsuda J, Yokota I, Iida M. Serum leptin concentration in cord blood: relationship to birth weight and gender. J Clin Endocrinol Metab . 1997; 82 1642-1644
- 64 Tamura T, Goldenberg R L, Johnston K E, Cliver S P. Serum leptin concentrations during pregnancy and their relationship to fetal growth. Obstet Gynecol . 1998; 91 389-395
- 65 Tamas P, Sulyok E, Szabo I. Changes of maternal serum leptin levels during pregnancy. Gynecol Obstet Invest . 1998; 46 169-171
- 66 Varvarigou A, Mantzoros C S, Beratis N G. Cord blood leptin concentrations in relation to intrauterine growth. Clin Endocrinol . 1999; 50 177-183
- 67 Senaris R, Garcia-Caballaro T, Casabiell X. Synthesis of leptin in human placenta. Endocrinology . 1997; 138 4501-4504
- 68 Chen X, Lin J, Hausman D B, Martin R J, Dean R G, Hausman G J. Alterations in fetal adipose tissue leptin expression correlate with the development of adipose tissue. Biol Neonate . 2000; 78 41-47
- 69 Linnemann K, Malek A, Sager R, Blum W F, Schneider H, Fusch C. Leptin production and release in the dually in vitro perfused human placenta. J Clin Endocrinol Metab . 2000; 85 4298-4301
- 70 Tartaglia L A. The leptin receptor. J Biol Chem . 1997; 272 6093-6096
- 71 Bjorbaek C, Uotani S, da Silva B, Flier J S. Divergent signaling capacities of the long and short isoforms of the leptin receptor. J Biol Chem . 1997; 272 32686-32695
- 72 Mantzoras C S. The role of leptin in human obesity and disease: a review of current evidence. Ann Intern Med . 1999; 130 671-680
- 73 Lammert A, Kiess W, Bottner A, Glasow A, Kratzsch J. Soluble leptin receptor represents the main leptin binding activity in human blood. Biochem Biophys Res Commun . 2001; 283 982-988
- 74 Edwards D E, O'Neil J S, Green A E, Gimpel T, Castracane V D, Henson M C. Regulation of soluble leptin receptor in baboon pregnancy: effects of gestational age and fetectomy. Annual Meeting, Society for the Study of Reproduction. Biol Reprod . 2000; 232
- 75 Huang L, Wang Z, Li C. Modulation of circulating leptin levels by its soluble leptin receptor. J Biol Chem . 2001; 276 6343-6349
- 76 Schulz S, Hockel C, Weise W. Hormonal regulation of neonatal weight: placental leptin and leptin receptors. Br J Obstet Gynecol . 2001; 107 1486-1491
- 77 Henson M C, Swan K F, O'Neil J S. Expression of placental leptin and leptin receptor transcripts in early pregnancy and at term. Obstet Gynecol . 1998; 92 1020-1028
- 78 Luoh S-M, Di Marco F, Levin N. Cloning and characterization of a human leptin receptor using a biologically active leptin immunoadhesin. J Molec Endocrinol . 1997; 18 77-85
- 79 Malek A, Willi A, Muller J, Sager R, Hanggi W, Bersinger W. Capacity for hormone production of cultured trophoblast cells obtained from placentae at term and in early pregnancy. J Assist Reprod Genet . 2001; 18 299-304
- 80 Hoggard N, Hunter L, Duncan J S, Williams L M, Trayhurn P, Mercer J G. Leptin and leptin receptor mRNA and protein expression in the murine fetus and placenta. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A . 1997; 94 11073-11078
- 81 Kawai M, Yamaguchi M, Murakami T, Shima K, Murata Y, Kishi K. The placenta is not the main source of leptin production in pregnant rat: gestational profile of leptin in plasma and adipose tissues. Biochem Biophys Res Commun . 1997; 240 798-802
- 82 Chien E K, Hara M, Rouard M. Increase in serum leptin and uterine leptin receptor messenger RNA levels during pregnancy in rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun . 1997; 237 476-480
- 83 Tomimatsu T, Yamaguchi M, Murakami T. Increase of mouse leptin production by adipose tissue after midpregnancy: gestation profile of serum leptin concentration. Biochem Biophys Res Commun . 1997; 240 213-245
- 84 Henson M C, Castracane V D, O'Neil J S. Serum leptin concentrations and expression of leptin transcripts in placental trophoblast with advancing baboon pregnancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab . 1999; 84 2543-2549
- 85 Kronfeld-Schor N, Zhao J, Silvia B A. Steroid-dependent up-regulation of adipose leptin secretion in vitro during pregnancy in mice. Biol Reprod . 2000; 63 274-280
- 86 Henson M C. Pregnancy maintenance and the regulation of placental progesterone biosynthesis in baboon pregnancy. Hum Reprod Update . 1998; 4 389-405
- 87 Green A E, O'Neil J S, Swan K F, Bohm Jr P R, Ratterree M S, Henson M C. Leptin receptor transcripts are constitutively expressed in placenta and adipose tissue with advancing baboon pregnancy. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med . 2000; 223 362-366
- 88 Foster D L, Nagatani S. Physiological perspectives on leptin as a regulator of reproduction: role in timing of puberty. Biol Reprod . 1999; 60 205-215
- 89 Ahmed M L, Ong K KL, Morrell D J. Longitudinal study of leptin concentrations during puberty: sex differences and relationships to changes in body composition. J Clin Endocrinol Metab . 1999; 84 899-905
- 90 Clayton P E, Trueman J A. Leptin and puberty. Arch Dis Child . 2000; 83 1-4
- 91 Matkovic V, Ilich J Z, Skugor M. Leptin is inversely related to age at menarche in human females. J Clin Endocrinol Metab . 1997; 82 3239-3245
- 92 Hickey M S, Israel R G, Gardiner S N. Gender differences in serum leptin levels in humans. Biochem Mol Med . 1996; 59 1-6
- 93 Williams C B, Fawcett R L, Waechter A S. Leptin production in adipocytes from morbidly obese subjects: stimulation by dexamethasone, inhibition with troglitazone, and influence of gender. J Clin Endocrinol Metab . 2000; 85 2678-2684
- 94 Menendez C, Baldelli R, Lage M. The in vitro secretion of human leptin is gender-dependent but independent of the body mass of the donors. Eur J Endocrinol . 2000; 143 711-714
- 95 Shimizu H, Shimomura Y, Nakanishi Y. Estrogen increases in vivo leptin production in rats and human subjects. J Endocrinol . 1997; 154 285-292
- 96 Matsuda J, Yokota I, Iida M. Serum leptin concentration in cord blood: relationship to birth weight and gender. J Clin Endocrinol Metab . 1997; 82 1642-1644
- 97 Helland I B, Reseland J E, Saugstad O D, Drevon C A. Leptin levels in pregnant women and newborn infants: gender differences and reduction during the neonatal period. Pediatrics . 1998; 101 E12
- 98 Jaquet D, Leger J, Levy-Marchal C, Oury J F, Czernichow P. Ontogeny of leptin in human fetuses and newborns: effect of intrauterine growth retardation on serum leptin concentrations. J Clin Endocrinol Metab . 1998; 83 1243-1246
- 99 Yang S W, Kim S Y. The relationship of the levels of leptin, insulin-like growth factor-I and insulin in cord blood with birth size, ponderal index, and gender difference. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab . 2000; 13 289-296
- 100 Schubring C, Englaro P, Siebler T. Longitudinal analysis of maternal serum leptin levels during pregnancy, at birth and up to six weeks after birth: relation to body mass index, skinfolds, sex steroids and umbilical cord blood leptin levels. Horm Res . 1998; 50 276-283
- 101 Sivan E, Whittaker P G, Sinha D. Leptin in human pregnancy: the relationship with gestational hormones. Am J Obstet Gynecol . 1998; 179 1128-1132
- 102 Slieker L J, Sloop K W, Surface P L. Regulation of expression of ob mRNA and proteins by glucocorticoids and cAMP. J Biol Chem . 1996; 271 5301-5304
- 103 Murakami T, Iida M, Shima K. Dexamethasone regulates obese expression in isolated rat adipocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun . 1995; 241 1260-1267
- 104 Brann D W, De Sevilla L, Zamorano P L, Mahesh V B. Regulation of leptin gene expression and secretion by steroid hormones. Steroids . 1999; 64 659-663
- 105 Machinal F, Dieudonne M-N, Leneveu M-C, Pecquery R, Giudicelli Y. In vivo and in vitro ob gene expression and leptin secretion in rat adipocytes: evidence for a regional specific regulation by sex steroid hormones. Endocrinology . 1999; 140 1567-1574
- 106 Mannucci E, Ognibene A, Becorpi A. Relationship between leptin and oestrogens in healthy women. Eur J Endocrinol . 1998; 139 198-201
- 107 Cella F, Giordano G, Cordera R. Serum leptin concentrations during the menstrual cycle in normal-weight women: effects of an oral triphasic estrogen-progestin medication. Eur J Endocrinol . 2000; 142 174-178
- 108 Yoneda N, Saito S, Kimura M. The influence of ovariectomy on ob gene expression in rats. Horm Metab Res . 1998; 30 263-265
- 109 Chu S-C, Chou Y-C, Lin J-Y, Chen C-H, Shyu J-C, Chou F-P. Fluctuation of serum leptin levels in rats after ovariectomy and the influence of estrogen supplement. Life Sci . 1999; 64 2299-2306
- 110 Messinis I E, Milingos S D, Alexandris E, Kariotis G, Seferiadis K. Leptin concentrations in normal women following bilateral ovariectomy. Hum Reprod . 1999; 14 913-918
- 111 Yamada M, Irahara M, Tezuka M, Murakami T, Shima K, Aono T. Serum leptin profiles in the normal menstrual cycles and gonadotropin treatment cycles. Gynecol Obstet Invest . 2000; 49 119-123
- 112 Lindheim S R, Sauer M V, Carmina F, Chang P L, Zimmerman R, Lobo R A. Circulating leptin levels during ovulation induction: relation to adiposity and ovarian morphology. Fertil Steril . 2000; 73 493-498
- 113 Unkila-Kallio L, Andersson S, Koistinen H A, Karonen S L, Ylikorkala O, Tiitinen A. Leptin during assisted reproductive cycles: the effect of ovarian stimulation and of very early pregnancy. Hum Reprod . 2001; 16 657-662
- 114 Castracane V D, Kraemer R R, Franken M A, Kraemer G R, Gimpel T. Serum estrogen levels in women: effect of age, obesity and estrogen administration. Fertil Steril . 1998; 70 472-477
- 115 Elbers J M, de Valk-de Roo W G, Popp-Snijders C. Effects of administration of 17 β-oestradiol on serum leptin levels in healthy postmenopausal women. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) . 1999; 51 449-454
- 116 Lavoie H B, Taylor A E, Sharpless J L, Anderson E J, Strauss C C, Hall J E. Effects of short-term hormone replacement on serum leptin levels in postmenopausal women. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) . 1999; 51 415-422
- 117 Konukoglu D, Serin O, Erean M. Plasma leptin levels in obese and non-obese postmenopausal women before and after hormone replacement therapy. Maturitas . 2000; 36 203-207
- 118 Haffern S M, Mykkanen L, Stern M P. Leptin concentrations in women in the San Antonio heart study: effect of menopausal status and postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy. Am J Epidemiol . 1997; 146 581-585
- 119 Kohrt W M, Landt M, Birge Jr J S. Serum leptin levels are reduced in response to exercise training, but not hormone replacement therapy, in older women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab . 1996; 81 3980-3985
- 120 Gower B A, Nagy T R, Goran M I, Smith A, Kent E. Leptin in postmenopausal women: influence of hormone therapy, insulin, and fat distribution. J Clin Endocrinol Metab . 2000; 85 1770-1775
- 121 Kumar V, Chambon P. The estrogen receptor binds tightly to its responsive element as a ligand-induced homodimer. Cell . 1998; 55 145-146
- 122 O'Neil J S, Burow M E, Green A E, McLachlan J A, Henson M C. Effects of estrogen on leptin gene promoter activation in MCF-7 breast cancer and JEG-3 choriocarcinoma cells: selective regulation via estrogen receptors α and β. Molec Cell Endocrinol . 2001; 176 67-75
- 123 Albrecht E D, Aberdeen G W, Pepe G J. The role of estrogen in the maintenance of primate pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol . 2000; 182 432-438
- 124 Mystkowski P, Schwartz M W. Gonadal steroids and energy homeostasis in the leptin era. Nutrition . 2000; 16 937-946
- 125 Li A W, Morash B, Hollenberg A N, Ur E, Wilkinson M, Murphy P R. Transcriptional regulation of the leptin gene promoter in rat GH3 pituitary and C6 glioma cells. Molec Cell Endocrinol . 2001; 176 57-65
- 126 Oliver P, Pico C, Palou A. Ontogenesis of leptin expression in different adipose tissue depots in the rat. Pflugers Arch . 2001; 442 383-390
- 127 Villafuerte B C, Fine J B, Bai Y, Zhao W, Fleming S, DiGirolamo M. Expressions of leptin and insulin-like growth factor-I are highly correlated and region-specific in adipose tissue of growing rats. Obesity Res . 2000; 8 646-655
- 128 Qian H, Barb C R, Compton M M. Leptin mRNA expression and serum leptin concentrations as influenced by age, weight and estradiol in pigs. Dom Anim Endocrinol . 1999; 16 135-143
- 129 O'Neil J S, Green A E, Edwards D E. Regulation of leptin and leptin receptor in baboon pregnancy: effects of advancing gestation and fetectomy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab . 2001; 86 2518-2524
- 130 Lindell K, Bennett P A, Itoh Y, Robinson I CAF, Carlsson L MS, Carlsson B. Leptin receptor 5′ untranslated regions in the rat: relative abundance, genomic organization and relation to putative response elements. Mol Cell Endocrinol . 2001; 172 37-45
- 131 Bi S, Gavrilova D, Gong D W, Mason M M, Reitman M. Identification of a placental enhancer for the human leptin gene. J Biol Chem . 1997; 272 30583-30588
- 132 Ebihara K, Ogawa Y, Isse N. Identification of the human leptin 5′ flanking sequences involved in the trophoblast-specific transcription. Biochem Biophys Res Commun . 1997; 241 658-663