Summary
Introduction: Carotid endarterectomy (CEA) for prevention of strokes mandates a high amount of
experience and a meticulous surgical technique. Intraoperative morphologic as well
as hemodynamic monitoring of the endarterectomized arteries is rarely performed. The
purpose of this study was to determine the value of intraoperative colour-coded-duplex-sonography
to recognize eventual intraoperative technical problems that might result in serious
cerebral damage.
Methods: Prospective analysis of the medical data of all patients who underwent CEA for treatment
of high-grade carotid stenosis between 1996 and 1999. Adequacy of the repair was assessed
intraoperatively by duplexsonography.
Results: Of 142 consecutive patients with a median age of 68 (43-84) years, 104 (73 %) were
men and 38 (27 %) were women. 9 patients (6 %) had bilateral CEAs. Intraoperative
duplexsonography revealed abnormalities during 11 (7 %) of 151 CEAs. 4 (3 %) were
considered major and underwent immediate revision. There was one (0.7 %) temporary
neurologic deficit (hyperperfusion syndrome) and 2 (1.3 %) cases of fatal intracerebral
hemorrhage. 6 (4 %) postoperative surgical complications occurred, i. e. 3 cases of
major wound hematoma (with revision) and 3 cases of temporary cranial nerve palsy.
Median length of follow-up was 11 (3-35) months. No late neurologic event occurred
during follow-up. 5 (3 %) patients developed asymptomatic restenosis.
Discussion: Routine intraoperative duplexsonography is a valuable and reliable diagnostic tool
to detect correctable technical problems during CEA that subsequently may lead to
neurological deficits, fatal stroke or a high incidence of restenosis.
Zusammenfassung
Einleitung: Die Carotisendarterektomie (CEA) bei hochgradigen oder symptomatischen Carotisstenosen
ist gegenwärtig das Verfahren der Wahl zur Vermeidung eines cerebro-vaskulären Insultes
(CVI). Zur Optimierung der Operationstechnik ist eine intraoperative Qualitätskontrolle
unabdingbar. Ziel der Studie war die Untersuchung der Wertigkeit der intraoperativen
Duplexsonographie in der Erkennung von technischen Fehlern und hämodynamischen Flussunregelmäßigkeiten,
die unerkannt zu folgenschweren Komplikationen führen können.
Methodik: Prospektive Datenanalyse aller Patienten, die wegen Carotisstenosen zwischen 1996-1999
von 2 verantwortlichen Operateuren operiert worden sind. In allen Fällen wurde eine
intraoperative Duplexsonographie als Qualitätskontrolle durchgeführt.
Ergebnisse: Unter 142 konsekutiven Patienten mit einem Durchschnittsalter von 68 (43-84) Jahren
fanden sich 104 (73 %) Männer und 38 (27 %) Frauen. Bei 9 (6 %) Patienten wurde eine
bilaterale CEA durchgeführt. Die intraoperative Duplexsonographie ergab insgesamt
in 11 (7 %) Fällen einen pathologischen Befund, der in 4 (3 %) Fällen zur unverzüglichen
Revision führte. Zwei (1,3 %) Patienten verstarben postoperativ als Folge eines hämorrhagischen
CVI und ein Patient erlitt ein temporäres neurologisches Ereignis. Die Morbidiät betrug
4 %, entsprechend 3 Nachblutungen und 3 temporären Neuropraxien. Es waren keine neurologischen
Spätkomplikationen während einer mittleren Nachkontrolldauer von 11 (3-35) Monaten
zu verzeichnen. Fünf (3 %) Patienten entwickelten in der Folge eine asymptomatische
Restenose.
Diskussion: Die routinemäßige intraoperative Duplexsonographie nach CEA ist ein zuverlässiges
und sicheres diagnostisches Verfahren. Technische Fehler und hämodynamische Flussunregelmäßigkeiten,
die unter Umständen Früh- oder Spätkomplikationen verursachen, können rechtzeitig
erkannt und behoben werden.
Key words
Duplex sonography - Carotid artery - Endarterectomy - Results
Schlüsselwörter
Duplexsonographie - Carotis - Thrombendarterektomie - Resultate
Literatur
1
Archie JP J r.
A fifteen-year experience with carotid endarterectomy after formal operative protocol
requiring highly frequent patch angioplasty.
J Vasc Surg.
2000;
31
724-735
2
Avramovic J R, Fletcher J P.
The incidence of recurrent carotid stenosis after carotid endarterectomy and its relationship
to neurological events.
J Cardiovasc Surg.
1992;
33
54-58
3
Baker W H, Koustas G, Hayes A C, Dorner D B, Stubbs D.
Carotid endarterectomy without a shunt: a control series.
J Vasc Surg.
1984;
1
50-56
4
Baker W H, Koustas G, Burke K, Littooy F N, Greisler H P.
Intraoperative duplex scanning and late carotid artery stenosis.
J Vasc Surg.
1994;
19
829-833
5
Barnett H JM, Taylor D W, Eliasziw M, Fox A J, Ferguson G G, Haynes R B. et al .
Benefit of carotid endarterectomy in patients with symptomatic moderate or severe
stenosis. North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators.
N Engl J Med.
1998;
339
1415-1425
6
Blaisdell F W, Lim R, Hall A D.
Technical results of carotid endarterectomy: arteriography assessment.
Am J Surg.
1967;
114
239-246
7
Cao P, Giordano G, De Rango P, Carlini G, Verzini F, Parente B. et al .
Computerised tomography findings as a risk factor in carotid endarterectomy: early
and late results.
Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg.
1996;
12
37-45
8 Cina C S, Clase C M, Haynes R B. Carotid endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid
stenosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000; 2: CD 001 081
9
Dorffner R, Metz V M, Trattnig S, Eibenberger K, Dock W, Hörmann M. et al .
Intraoperative and early postoperative colour Doppler sonography after carotid reconstruction:
follow-up of technical defects.
Neuroradiology.
1997;
39
117-121
10
ECST. European Carotid Surgery Trialists Collaborative Group .
MCR European Carotid Surgery Trial: interim results for symptomatic patients with
severe (70-99 %) or mild (0-29 %) carotid stenosis.
Lancet.
1991;
337
1235-1242
11
Endarterectomy for Asymptomatic Carotid Artery Stenosis - Executive Committee for
the Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study.
JAMA.
1995;
273
1421-1428
12
Fearn S J, Picton A J, Mortimer A J, Parry A D, McCollum C hN.
The contribution of the external carotid artery to cerebral perfusion in carotid disease.
J Vasc Surg.
2000;
31
989-993
13
Hamdan A D, Pomposelli F Bjr, Gibbons G W, Campbell D R, Lo Gerfo F W.
Perioperative stroke after 1 001 consecutive carotid endartrectomy procedures without
an electroencephalogram: incidence, mechanism, and recovery.
Arch Surg.
1999;
134
412-415
14
Hoff C, de Gier P, Buth J.
Intraoperative duplex monitoring of the carotid bifurcation for the detection of technical
defects.
Eur J Vasc Surg.
1994;
8
441-447
15
Jacobowitz G R, Adelman M A, Riles T S, Lamparello P J, Imparato A M.
Long-term follow-up of patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy in the presence
of a contralateral occlusion.
Am J Surg.
1995;
170
165-167
16
Kinney E V, Seabrock G R, Kinney L Y, Bandyk D F, Towne J B.
The importance of intraoperative detection of residual flow abnormalities after carotid
endarterectomy.
J Vasc Surg.
1993;
17
912-923
17
Kniemeyer H W, Aulich A, Schlachetzki F, Steinmetz H, Sandmann W.
Pseudo- and segmental occlusion of the internal carotid artery: New classification,
surgical treatment and results.
Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg.
1996;
12
10-320
18
Lattimer C R, Burnand K G.
Recurrent carotid stenosis after carotid endarterectomy.
Br J Surg.
1997;
84
1206-1219
19
Mehigan J T, Olcott C.
Video angioscopy as an alternative to intraoperative anteriography.
Am J Surg.
1986;
152
139-145
20
NASCET. North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterecteomy Trial Collaborators .
Beneficial effect of carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients with high-grade
carotid stenosis.
New Engl J Med.
1991;
325
445-453
21
Naylor A R, Bell P RF, Ruckley C V.
Monitoring and cerebral protection during carotid endarterectomy.
Br J Surg.
1992;
79
735-741
22
Raithel D, Kasparzak P.
Angioscopy after carotid endarterectomy.
Ann Chir Gynaecol.
1992;
81
192-195
23
Riles T S, Imparato A M, Jacobowitz G R, Lamparello P J, Giangola G, Adelman M A.
et al .
The cause of perioperative stroke after carotid endarterectomy.
J Vasc Surg.
1994;
19
206-214
24 Sandmann W, Kniemeyer H W, Peronneau P. Carotid bifurcation doppler spectrum analysis
at surgery. In: Greenhalgh RM (ed). Diagnostic techniques and assessment procedures
in vascular surgery. Grune & Stratton, London 1985; 123-127
25 Sandmann W, Willeke F, Kolvenbach R, Benecke R, Godehardt E. To shunt or not to
shunt: The definite answer with a randomized study. In: Veith F (Hrsg). Current critical
problems in vascular surgery. Quality Medical Publisher Inc, St. Louis 1993; 434-440
26
Sawchuk A P, Flanigan D P, Machi J, Schuler J J, Sigel B.
The fate of anrepaired minor technical defects detected by intraoperative ultrasonography
during carotid endarterectomy.
J Vasc Surg.
1989;
9
671-675
27
Stendel R, Brock M, Abo Al Hassan A, Hupp T.
Mikrovaskuläre Dopplersonographie versus intraoperative Angiographie in der Carotischirurgie.
Gefaesschirurgie.
2000;
5
159-165
28
Sundt T M, Houser O W, Whisnant J P, Fode N C.
Correlation of postoperative and two-year follow-up angiography with neurological
function in 99 carotid endarterectomies in 86 consecutive patients.
Ann Surg.
1986;
203
90-100
29
Taylor D C, Strandness D E.
Carotid artery duplex scanning.
J Clin Ultrasound.
1987;
15
635-644
30
Washburn W K, Mackey W C, Belkin M, O'Donnell T F Jr.
Late stroke after carotid endarterectomy: The role of recurrent stenosis.
J Vasc Surg.
1992;
15
1032-1037
31
Zierler R E, Bandyk D F, Thiele B L.
Intraoperative assessment of carotid endarterectomy.
J Vasc Surg.
1985;
1
73-83
Priv.-Doz. Dr. P. U. Reber
Abteilung für Angiologie und Gefäßchirurgie
Lindenhofspital
3003 Bern
Schweiz
Phone: +41/31-3 00 95 50
Fax: +41/31-3 00 95 59
Email: Peter.Reber@neuehorizonte.ch