Zusammenfassung
Die chronische Pankreatitis ist eine entzündlich-fibrosierende Erkrankung, die als
Folge sukzessiver Nekrosen des Drüsengewebes entsteht. Als eine mögliche Konsequenz
des kontinuierlichen Entzündungsreizes und der dadurch induzierten Regenerationsvorgänge
kommt es zu hyperplastischen Epithelveränderungen innerhalb des Gangsystems. Morphologische
Untersuchungen dieser Veränderungen, die signifikant häufiger in der Nachbarschaft
von duktalen Adenokarzinomen des Pankreas auftreten, konnten eine kontinuierliche
Progression des Atypie- bzw. Dysplasiegrades der Veränderungen zeigen. Die Läsionen
wurden Pankreatische Intraepitheliale Neoplasie (PanIN) genannt, eine graduelle Einteilung von PanIN-1 bis -3 nach zunehmendem
Dysplasiegrad wurde vorgeschlagen. In Analogie zur Karzinomentstehung im Kolorektum
konnten in den Vorstufen definierte genetische Veränderungen nachgewiesen werden,
die mit dem Grad der Dysplasie akkumulieren. Allerdings sind die bisher beschriebenen
genetischen Veränderungen nicht spezifisch, so wurden Mutationen des K-ras-Gens auch im normalen Pankreasgewebe und bei chronischer Pankreatitis gefunden. Darüber
hinaus besteht hier, wie in anderen Tumoren und ihren Vorstufen, eine ausgeprägte
intratumorale Heterogenität der Veränderungen, die ihren diagnostischen Einsatz limitiert.
Allerdings kann spekuliert werden, dass durch das sich vergrößernde „genetische” Verständnis
zukünftig verbesserte Möglichkeiten, insbesondere in der Frühdiagnostik, zu erwarten
sind.
Summary
Chronic pancreatitis causes destruction of the pancreatic gland which leads to tissue
fibrosis and regenerative hyperplasia of the epithelium of pancreatic ducts and ductules.
Morphological studies revealed distinct proliferative lesions in the pancreatic ducts
and ductules adjacent to infiltrating adenocarcinomas of the pancreas. A stepwise
progression from mild to severe dysplasia in these hyperplastic lesions has been reported.
These lesions, called Pancreatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia (PanIN), harbour a number
of well-characterised genetic alterations. Therefore, PanINs were defined as true
clonal neoplastic lesions with minimal to moderate and severe cytological and architectural
atypia. Almost all of the genetic alterations that have been identified in pancreatic
adenocarcinomas have also been identified in PanIN lesions. The prevalence of genetic
changes increases as the degree of cytological atypia and histological dysplasia in
the PanIN lesions increases. However, some genetic abnormalities have also been found
in chronic pancreatitis and normal pancreas, e. g. K-ras mutations. However, due to intratumorous heterogeneity of the genetic changes, further
studies are necessary to search for more specific and homogeneous expressed molecular
markers. A better understanding of the molecular genetic changes occurring during
neoplastic progression in the pancreas will form the basis for future strategies of
early tumour detection and improved therapy.
Schlüsselwörter
Pankreatische intraduktale Neoplasien - Chronische Pankreatitis - Pankreaskarzinom
- Molekularpathologie
Key words
Pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia - Chronic pancreatitis - Pancreatic carcinoma
- Molecular pathology
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Priv.-Doz. Dr. Andrea Tannapfel
Institut für Pathologie
Universitätsklinikum Leipzig
Liebigstraße 26
04103 Leipzig
Telefon: 03 41/9 71 50 36
Fax: 03 41/9 71 50 09
eMail: tana@medizin.uni-leipzig.de