Längeres Leben mit Lebensqualität

Zusammenfassung

Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen und Krebs bestimmen die Lebensdauer der meisten älteren Menschen. Durch Prävention von Krankheiten kann die Lebenserwartung erhöht und die Lebensqualität erhalten werden. Im Mittelpunkt der gesundheitsbezogenen Lebensqualität steht die Bewegungsfähigkeit eines Menschen. Ziel dieser Übersichtsarbeit ist es, Einflussfaktoren auf die Lebensdauer und Lebensqualität älterer Menschen darzustellen und zu diskutieren. Das relative kardiovaskuläre Risiko ist signifikant um 54 %, 62 % und 75 % reduziert, wenn 3, 4 oder 5 günstige Lebensstilfaktoren zusammentreffen. Je günstiger die Lebensstilfaktoren, desto sicherer ist ein längeres Leben mit Lebensqualität. Das Fehlen von 4 oder 5 klassischen Risikofaktoren erhöht die Lebenserwartung um bis zu 9,5 Jahre. Das Risikofaktorenprofil wird durch eine vollwertige Ernährung, regelmäßige körperliche Bewegung und Nichtrauchen vorteilhaft beeinflusst. Je genauer die gängigen Ernährungsempfehlungen eingehalten werden, desto geringer ist das Risiko an Herzinfarkt, Schlaganfall und Krebs zu sterben. Das allgemeine Sterberisiko wird durch regelmäßiges zügiges Gehen, Treppensteigen und anstrengende körperliche Aktivität mit einem hohen Energieverbrauch signifikant gesenkt. Zwischen dem Bodymass-Index (BMI) und der Gesamtmortalität besteht eine U-förmige Beziehung. Ein steigender BMI erhöht auch das Risiko für eine Bewegungseinschränkung. Ältere Menschen mit einem hohen Risikofaktorenprofil sind früher auf die Hilfe von Dritten angewiesen als solche mit einem mittleren oder niedrigen Risikofaktorenprofil.

Abstract

Coronary heart disease and cancer determine the life span of most elderly humans. The life expectancy can be increased and the quality of life can be preserved by prevention of diseases. Physical mobility is located in the focus of the health-referred quality of life. The object of this review is to present and discuss factors of influence on the life span and quality of life of elderly humans. It has been shown that the relative cardiovascular risk is significantly reduced by 54 %, 62 % and 75 %, respectively, if 3, 4 or 5 health-promoting life-style factors come together. Healthful living prevents disability and 5 associated with advanced age. Absence of four to five classical risk factors increases the life expectancy by as much as 9.5 years. The risk profile is influenced favourably by wholesome nutrition, regular physical activity and non-smoking. Following exactly the current dietary guidelines decreases the risk of mortality of coronary heart disease, stroke and cancer. The all-cause mortality risk is significantly lowered by regular walking, stairs climbing and vigorous physical activity with a high energy expenditure. Between the body mass index (BMI) and the total mortality there is an U-shaped relationship. A rising BMI increases also the risk for disability. Those who have a high BMI suffer earlier onset of disability.

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