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DOI: 10.1055/s-0045-1810404
Update on Non-surgical Treatments for Lumbar Pain
Atualização sobre os tratamentos não cirúrgicos para a dor lombarAuthors
Financial Support The authors declare that they did not receive financial support from agencies in the public, private, or non-profit sectors to conduct the present study.
Abstract
Low back pain (LBP) is a very prevalent clinical condition worldwide. Approximately 90% of the cases are of nonspecific LBP, due to the lack of anatomopathological changes as potential causes of pain. A more assertive therapeutic approach requires identifying red or yellow flags and diagnosing the pain pattern (nociceptive, neuropathic, nociplastic, or mixed pain). Acute LBP prognosis is favorable in most cases, and the therapeutic objective is to prevent chronicity. For chronic LBP, the goals include pain reduction and improvements in functionality and quality of life. In acute and chronic cases, the principle of multimodal analgesia guides the treatment, which combines pharmacological, non-pharmacological, and interventional methods. The most common medications for LBP are simple analgesics, such as paracetamol, muscle relaxants, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and opioid analgesics. Opioids and NSAIDs should be prescribed at the lowest dose and for the shortest possible time. Patients with neuropathic components may receive adjuvant drugs. Phytocannabinoids may play a role when the previous pharmacological treatment fails. Physical methods, including heat, laser, and extracorporeal shock wave therapy, improve local circulation, produce muscle relaxation, and treat the myofascial component. Interventions such as acupuncture and radiofrequency promote peripheral and/or central neuromodulation. Aligning the patient's expectations to the outcomes of the proposed treatments is essential; to do so, we must consider the educational measures, behavioral therapies, and physical rehabilitation.
Resumo
A dor lombar (DL) é condição clínica muito prevalente no mundo. Cerca de 90% dos casos são classificados como lombalgias inespecíficas, pois não há alterações anatomopatológicas que justifiquem sua dor. Para uma abordagem terapêutica mais assertiva, é preciso identificar as bandeiras vermelhas ou amarelas, bem como diagnosticar o padrão de dor (nociceptiva, neuropática, nociplástica ou mista) desses pacientes. Nas lombalgias agudas, a evolução natural é favorável na maioria das vezes, e o objetivo do tratamento é evitar a sua cronificação. Nos casos das lombalgias crônicas, visamos a diminuição da dor, e a melhora da funcionalidade e da qualidade de vida. Tanto nos casos agudos quanto crônicos, guiamos nossas condutas pelo princípio da analgesia multimodal, que combina medidas farmacológicas, não farmacológicas e intervencionistas contra a dor. Entre os medicamentos mais utilizados estão analgésicos simples, como o paracetamol, relaxantes musculares, anti-inflamatórios não esteroidais (AINEs) e os analgésicos opioides. Os AINEs e os opioides, quando indicados, devem ser prescritos na menor dose e pelo menor tempo possível. As medicações adjuvantes estão indicadas na presença do componente neuropático. Os fitocanabinoides são possibilidade quando as drogas anteriores falham. Medidas físicas, como calor, laser e terapia de ondas de choque extracorpórea, melhoram a circulação local, produzem relaxamento muscular e tratam o componente miofascial. Intervenções como acupuntura e radiofrequência promovem neuromodulação periférica e/ou central. Alinhar a expectativa do paciente aos resultados dos tratamentos propostos é fundamental; para isso, devemos considerar as medidas educacionais, terapias comportamentais e a reabilitação física.
Keywords
analgesia - conservative treatment - low back pain - multimodal treatment - musculoskeletal painPalavras-chave
analgesia - dor lombar - dor musculoesquelética - tratamento conservador - tratamento multimodalPublication History
Received: 18 December 2024
Accepted: 22 May 2025
Article published online:
04 November 2025
© 2025. The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
Thieme Revinter Publicações Ltda.
Rua Rego Freitas, 175, loja 1, República, São Paulo, SP, CEP 01220-010, Brazil
André Wan Wen Tsai, Márcio Fin, Ibrahim Afrânio Willi Liu, Rosana Fontana, Sérgio Mendonça Melo Junior, Jose Eduardo Nogueira Forni. Update on Non-surgical Treatments for Lumbar Pain. Rev Bras Ortop (Sao Paulo) 2025; 60: s00451810404.
DOI: 10.1055/s-0045-1810404
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