PDF icon PDF herunterladen
Open Access
CC BY 4.0 · Eur J Dent
DOI: 10.1055/s-0045-1809306
Original Article

Fabrication and Characterization of Carbonate Apatite-Bovine Gelatin Scaffolds for Endodontic Regeneration: A Lyophilization-Based Approach

Ratih Widyasari
1   Doctoral Programme, Faculty of Dentistry, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang, Indonesia
2   Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Jenderal Achmad Yani, Cimahi, Indonesia
,
Arief Cahyanto
3   Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Dentistry, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
4   Centre of Medical and Bio-allied Health Science Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
,
Sunardhi Widyaputra
5   Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang, Indonesia
6   Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Maranatha Christian University, Bandung, Indonesia
,
Arif Rachman
7   Department of Cell Biology and Biomolecular, Faculty of Medicine, Indonesian Defense University, Bogor, Indonesia
› Institutsangaben
› Weitere Informationen
Auch verfügbar aufeRef
  Lizenzen und Reprints
Preview

Abstract

Objectives

The challenge of endodontic regeneration requires scaffold that can facilitate dentin and pulp regeneration by providing structural support and promoting initial cell adherence to regenerate new tissue. This study explores characterization of a novel carbonate apatite-bovine gelatin (CA-BG) scaffold for endodontic regeneration that was fabricated using a lyophilization technique. CA, recognized for its biocompatibility and osteoconductive capabilities as a scaffold, was expected to provide structural support in complex biological environments such as pulp tissues. BG, a natural polymer with cell attachment substrates, was incorporated into the scaffold to enhance bioactivity, promoting cell attachment, proliferation, and differentiation.

Materials and Methods

Scaffolds were fabricated with varying liquid-to-powder (L/P) ratios (0.5, 0.8, and 1) using freeze drying, and then their chemical and structural properties were evaluated using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

Results and Discussion

FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of carbonate and phosphate groups, with slight peak shifts indicating CA-BG interaction. XRD analysis showed crystallinity differences, which were affected by the liquid ratio in each group. SEM results demonstrated that the L/P 1 scaffold exhibited surface roughness, which is expected to represent BG incorporation to CA. The L/P 1 scaffold was identified as the optimal candidate, balancing bioactivity and structural properties, to be able to promote dentin and pulp tissue regeneration.

Conclusion

The findings contribute significantly to developing biocompatible, bioactive scaffolds for endodontic regeneration and broader tissue engineering applications, offering insights to achieve a balance between a scaffold structure and its biological functionality.

Keywords

bioactivity - bovine gelatin - carbonate apatite - crystallinity - endodontic regeneration - lyophilization - scaffold


Publikationsverlauf

Artikel online veröffentlicht:
29. Mai 2025

© 2025. The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, permitting unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction so long as the original work is properly cited. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

Thieme Medical and Scientific Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
A-12, 2nd Floor, Sector 2, Noida-201301 UP, India