Pathology of the Proximal Radius in Juvenile Pugs

Abstract

The aim of this study was to describe the physeal pathology of the proximal radius in four skeletally immature male Pugs. Physical examination, radiography, and computed tomography (CT) of the thoracic limbs were performed in all four dogs. Two Pugs were available for long-term follow-up and two Pugs were euthanatized after the diagnostic imaging results. Four male Pugs, aged between 6 and 7 months, were presented with a history of thoracic limb lameness lasting 2 to 3 months. Radiography and CT of the thoracic limbs showed irregularity of the proximal radial physes with varying degrees of radiolucency within the adjacent metaphyses. The pathology was associated with elbow joint incongruity and angular deformity of the antebrachium. Two dogs were euthanatized, one of which was autopsied, and histopathology of the proximal radius revealed bilateral physeal dysplasia. At long-term follow-up of the two surviving dogs, lameness had resolved. Radiography and CT scans of the thoracic limbs revealed normal bone opacity within the proximal radius and resolution of the radiolucent areas of the proximal radial physes. However, incongruity of the radioulnar joint remained. In this report, the resolution of identified physeal pathology at the proximal radius in juvenile Pugs demonstrates the potential for spontaneous remission despite the presence of notable radiographic changes.

Keywords

physeal dysplasia - radius - Pugs - physeal fracture

Ethical Approval Statement

The study was approved by the hospital medical board and the owners of participating dogs approved inclusion in the study.

Authors' Contribution

All the authors contributed to the conception and study design, acquisition of data, data analysis and interpretation, and writing of the original draft and editing of the manuscript. All the authors reviewed, revised, and approved the final submitted manuscript.

Publikationsverlauf

Eingereicht: 03. März 2024

Angenommen: 24. August 2024

Artikel online veröffentlicht:
18. September 2024

• References

• 1 Ekman S, Carlson CS. The pathophysiology of osteochondrosis. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1998; 28 (01) 17-32
• 2 Michelsen J. Canine elbow dysplasia: aetiopathogenesis and current treatment recommendations. Vet J 2013; 196 (01) 12-19
• 3 Johnson JA, Austin C, Breur GJ. Incidence of canine appendicular musculoskeletal disorders in 16 veterinary teaching hospitals from 1980 through 1989. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 1994; 7: 56-69
• 4 Piek CJ, Hazewinkel HA, Wolvekamp WT, Nap RC, Mey BP. Long-term follow-up of avascular necrosis of the femoral head in the dog. J Small Anim Pract 1996; 37 (01) 12-18
• 5 Borak D, Wunderlin N, Brückner M, Schwarz G, Klang A. Slipped capital femoral epiphysis in 17 Maine Coon cats. J Feline Med Surg 2017; 19 (01) 13-20
• 6 Kieves NR. Juvenile disease processes affecting the forelimb in canines. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2021; 51 (02) 365-382
• 7 Doige CE. Multiple cartilaginous exostoses in dogs. Vet Pathol 1987; 24 (03) 276-278
• 8 Carrig C, Merkley D, Mostosky U. Asynchronous growth of the canine radius and ulna: effects of different amounts of ulnar growth retardation. Vet Radiol 1978; 19: 16-22
• 9 Carrig CB. Growth abnormalities of the canine radius and ulna. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1983; 13 (01) 91-115
• 10 von Pfeil DJ, DeCamp CE. The epiphyseal plate: physiology, anatomy, and trauma. Compend Contin Educ Vet 2009; 31 (08) E1-E11 , quiz E12
• 11 von Pfeil DJ, DeCamp CE, Abood SK. The epiphyseal plate: nutritional and hormonal influences; hereditary and other disorders. Compend Contin Educ Vet 2009; 31 (08) E1-E13 , quiz E14
• 12 Cesta MF, Malarkey DE, Herbert RA. et al. The National Toxicology Program Web-based nonneoplastic lesion atlas: a global toxicology and pathology resource. Toxicol Pathol 2014; 42 (02) 458-460
• 13 Salter RB, Harris WR. Injuries involving the epiphyseal plate. J Bone Jt Surg 1963; 45: 587-622
• 14 Frazier KS. Physeal dysplasia. In: Lang F. ed. Encyclopedia of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease. Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media; 2009: 1643-1645
• 15 Craig LE. Physeal dysplasia with slipped capital femoral epiphysis in 13 cats. Vet Pathol 2001; 38 (01) 92-97
• 16 Rohdin C, Wang C, Brander G. et al. Mutations in the CYP27B1 gene cause vitamin D dependent rickets in Pugs. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37 (04) 1507-1513
• 17 Clarke S, McKee M, Gemmill T, Pink J, Kalff S. Unusual antebrachial pathology in skeletally immature Pugs. Vet Rec 2012; 170 (10) 266
• 18 Orthopedic Foundation for Animals. Disease statistics/elbow. 2024 . Accessed January 7, 2024 at: https://ofa.org/diseases/disease-statistics/
• 19 McNicholas Jr WT, Wilkens BE, Blevins WE. et al. Spontaneous femoral capital physeal fractures in adult cats: 26 cases (1996–2001). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2002; 221 (12) 1731-1736
• 20 Queen J, Bennett D, Carmichael S. et al. Femoral neck metaphyseal osteopathy in the cat. Vet Rec 1998; 142 (07) 159-162
• 21 Moores AP, Owen MR, Fews D, Coe RJ, Brown PJ, Butterworth SJ. Slipped capital femoral epiphysis in dogs. J Small Anim Pract 2004; 45 (12) 602-608
• 22 Dupuis J, Breton L, Drolet R. Bilateral epiphysiolysis of the femoral heads in two dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997; 210 (08) 1162-1165
• 23 Lee R. Proximal femoral epiphyseal separation in the dog. J Small Anim Pract 1976; 17 (10) 669-679
• 24 Zusman NL, Goldstein RY, Yoo JU. Quantifying risk factors for slipped capital femoral epiphysis and postslip osteonecrosis. J Pediatr Orthop 2024; 44 (01) e30-e34
• 25 Dittmer KE, Thompson KG. Vitamin D metabolism and rickets in domestic animals: a review. Vet Pathol 2011; 48 (02) 389-407
• 26 Chun JL, Bang HT, Ji SY. et al. A simple method to evaluate body condition score to maintain the optimal body weight in dogs. J Anim Sci Technol 2019; 61 (06) 366-370