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DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1788272
Long-COVID olfactory dysfunction: allele E4 of apolipoprotein E as a possible protective factor
Disfunção olfativa na COVID longa: o alelo E4 da apolipoproteína E como um possível fator protetor
Abstract
Background Olfactory dysfunction (OD) represents a frequent manifestation of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Apolipoprotein E (APOE) is a protein that interacts with the angiotensin-converting enzyme receptor, essential for viral entry into the cell. Previous publications have suggested a possible role of APOE in COVID-19 severity. As far as we know, no publications found significant associations between this disease's severity, OD, and APOE polymorphisms (E2, E3, and E4).
Objective To analyze the epidemiology of OD and its relationship with APOE polymorphisms in a cohort of Long-COVID patients.
Methods We conducted a prospective cohort study with patients followed in a post-COVID neurological outpatient clinic, with OD being defined as a subjective reduction of olfactory function after infection, and persistent OD being defined when the complaint lasted more than 3 months after the COVID-19 infection resolution. This cross-sectional study is part of a large research with previously reported data focusing on the cognitive performance of our sample.
Results The final sample comprised 221 patients, among whom 186 collected blood samples for APOE genotyping. The persistent OD group was younger and had a lower hospitalization rate during the acute phase of the disease (p < 0.001). Furthermore, the APOE variant E4 allele frequency was lower in this group (p = 0.035). This study evaluated OD in an outpatient population with COVID-19. In the current literature on this disease, anosmia is associated with better clinical outcomes and the E4 allele is associated with worse outcomes.
Conclusion Our study provides new information to these correlations, suggesting APOE E4 as a protective factor for OD.
Resumo
Antecedentes A disfunção olfatória (DO) é uma manifestação frequente da doença do coronavírus 2019 (COVID-19). A apolipoproteína E (APOE) é uma proteína que interage com o receptor da enzima conversora de angiotensina, essencial para a entrada viral na célula. Publicações anteriores sugeriram um possível papel da APOE na gravidade da COVID-19. Até onde sabemos, nenhuma publicação encontrou associações significativas entre a gravidade dessa doença, DO e polimorfismos da APOE (E2, E3 e E4).
Objetivo Analisar a epidemiologia da DO e sua relação com os polimorfismos do gene APOE em uma coorte de pacientes com COVID longa.
Métodos Um estudo de coorte prospectiva com pacientes acompanhados em ambulatório neurológico pós-COVID, com DO sendo definida como uma redução subjetiva da função olfativa após a infecção e a DO persistente sendo definida quando a queixa durou mais de 3 meses após a resolução da infecção por COVID-19. Este estudo transversal é parte de uma pesquisa maior com dados anteriormente relatados, focando na performance cognitiva dos pacientes.
Resultados Foram selecionados 221 pacientes para esse estudo, dos quais 186 haviam coletado amostras de sangue para genotipagem APOE. O grupo DO persistente foi mais jovem e apresentou menor taxa de internação na fase aguda da doença (p < 0,001). Além disso, a frequência do alelo E4 da APOE foi menor nesse grupo (p = 0,035). Este estudo avaliou a DO em uma população com COVID longa. Na literatura atual sobre essa doença, a anosmia está associada a melhores desfechos clínicos e o alelo E4 está associado a piores desfechos.
Conclusão Nosso estudo acrescenta novas informações a essas correlações, sugerindo a APOE E4 como um fator de proteção para DO.
Palavras-chave
COVID-19 - Transtornos do Olfato - Síndrome de COVID-19 Pós-aguda - Anosmia - Apolipoproteínas EEthical Aspects
The study protocol was authorized by the Research Ethics Committee of the Walter Cantídio University Hospital following Opinion no. 4.092.933. All patients or their legal representatives provided written Informed Consent Forms, ensuring the privacy and confidentiality of the collected data, as well as the right to refuse participation in the study activities and inquiries.
Authors' Contributions
DNO, JTJ, MSN, PBN: conception and design of this study; DNO, JTJ, PBN: performed data acquisition, analysis, and interpretation; DNO, JTJ, PBN: conducted the drafting of the manuscript. DNO, JWLTJ: Both authors equally contributed to the article. All authors contributed to the critical review of the manuscript and provided significant intellectual input.
Publikationsverlauf
Eingereicht: 19. April 2023
Angenommen: 27. Mai 2024
Artikel online veröffentlicht:
18. Juli 2024
© 2024. The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
Thieme Revinter Publicações Ltda.
Rua do Matoso 170, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 20270-135, Brazil
Danilo Nunes Oliveira, José Wagner Leonel Tavares-Júnior, Werbety Lucas Queiroz Feitosa, Letícia Chaves Vieira Cunha, Carmem Meyve Pereira Gomes, Caroline Aquino Moreira-Nunes, Jean Breno Silveira da Silva, Artur Victor Menezes Sousa, Safira de Brito Gaspar, Emmanuelle Silva Tavares Sobreira, Laís Lacerda Brasil de Oliveira, Raquel Carvalho Montenegro, Maria Elisabete Amaral de Moraes, Manoel Alves Sobreira-Neto, Pedro Braga-Neto. Long-COVID olfactory dysfunction: allele E4 of apolipoprotein E as a possible protective factor. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2024; 82: s00441788272.
DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1788272
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