CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 2018; 78(03): 246-259
DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-101614
GebFra Science
Review/Übersicht
Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Update Breast Cancer 2018 (Part 2) – Advanced Breast Cancer, Quality of Life and Prevention

Article in several languages: English | deutsch
Andreas Schneeweiss
1   National Center for Tumor Diseases, Division Gynecologic Oncology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
2   Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
,
Michael P. Lux
3   Erlangen University Hospital, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
,
Wolfgang Janni
4   Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
,
Andreas D. Hartkopf
5   Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
,
Naiba Nabieva
3   Erlangen University Hospital, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
,
Florin-Andrei Taran
5   Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
,
Friedrich Overkamp
6   OncoConsult Hamburg GmbH, Hamburg, Germany
,
Hans-Christian Kolberg
7   Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Marienhospital Bottrop, Bottrop, Germany
,
Peyman Hadji
8   Department of Bone Oncology, Nordwest Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany
,
Hans Tesch
9   Oncology Practice at Bethanien Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
,
Achim Wöckel
10   Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
,
Johannes Ettl
11   Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
,
Diana Lüftner
12   Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumour Immunology, Berlin, Germany
,
Markus Wallwiener
2   Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
,
Volkmar Müller
13   Department of Gynecology, Hamburg-Eppendorf University Medical Center, Hamburg, Germany
,
Matthias W. Beckmann
3   Erlangen University Hospital, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
,
Erik Belleville
14   ClinSol GmbH & Co KG, Würzburg, Germany
,
Diethelm Wallwiener
5   Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
,
Sara Y. Brucker
5   Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
,
Florian Schütz
2   Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
,
Peter A. Fasching
3   Erlangen University Hospital, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
,
Tanja N. Fehm
15   Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

received 19 January 2018
revised 24 January 2018

accepted 24 January 2018

Publication Date:
21 March 2018 (online)

Abstract

The treatment of metastatic breast cancer has become more complicated due to increasing numbers of new therapies which need to be tested. Therapies are now being developed to treat special clinical or molecular subgroups. Even though intrinsic molecular subtypes play a major role, more and more new therapies for subgroups and histological subtypes are being developed, such as the use of PARP inhibitors to treat patients with BRCA mutations (breast and ovarian cancer). Supportive therapies are also evolving, allowing problems such as alopecia or nausea and vomiting to be treated more effectively. Treatment-related side effects have a direct impact on the prognosis of patients with metastatic breast cancer, and supportive therapy can improve compliance. Digital tools could be useful to establish better patient management systems. This overview provides an insight into recent trials and how the findings could affect routine treatment. Current aspects of breast cancer prevention are also presented.

 
  • References/Literatur

  • 1 Robson M, Im S-A, Senkus E. et al. Olaparib for metastatic breast cancer in patients with a germline BRCA mutation. N Engl J Med 2017; 377: 523-533
  • 2 United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA). http://
  • 3 Litton J, Rugo H, Ettl J. et al. Abstract GS6-07: EMBRACA: A phase 3 trial comparing talazoparib, an oral PARP inhibitor, to physicianʼs choice of therapy in patients with advanced breast cancer and a germline BRCA mutation. Cancer Res 2018; 78: GS6-07-GS06-07
  • 4 Turner NC, Telli ML, Rugo HS. et al. Final results of a phase 2 study of talazoparib (TALA) following platinum or multiple cytotoxic regimens in advanced breast cancer patients (pts) with germline BRCA1/2 mutations (ABRAZO). J Clin Oncol 2017; 35 (Suppl.) Abstr.. 1007
  • 5 Telli M, Turner N, Mailliez A. et al. Abstract P1-14-03: ABRAZO: Exposure-efficacy and -safety analyses of breast cancer patients with germline BRCA1/2 mutations receiving talazoparib in a phase 2 open-label trial. Cancer Res 2018; 78: P1-14-03-P11-14-03
  • 6 Bardia A, Vahdat L, Diamond J. et al. Abstract GS1-07: Sacituzumab govitecan (IMMU-132), an anti-Trop-2-SN-38 antibody-drug conjugate, as ≥ 3-line therapeutic option for patients with relapsed/refractory metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (mTNBC): efficacy results. Cancer Res 2018; 78: GS1-07-GS01-07
  • 7 Nanda R, Chow LQ, Dees EC. et al. Pembrolizumab in patients with advanced triple-negative breast cancer: phase Ib KEYNOTE-012 study. J Clin Oncol 2016; 34: 2460-2467
  • 8 Adams S, Loi S, Toppmeyer D. et al. Abstract PD6-10: KEYNOTE-086 cohort B: Pembrolizumab monotherapy for PD-L1–positive, previously untreated, metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (mTNBC). Cancer Res 2018; 78: PD6-10-PD16-10
  • 9 Tolaney S, Kalinsky K, Kaklamani V. et al. Abstract PD6-13: Phase 1b/2 study to evaluate eribulin mesylate in combination with pembrolizumab in patients with metastatic triple-negative breast cancer. Cancer Res 2018; 78: PD6-13-PD16-13
  • 10 Loi S, Giobbe-Hurder A, Gombos A. et al. Abstract GS2-06: Phase Ib/II study evaluating safety and efficacy of pembrolizumab and trastuzumab in patients with trastuzumab-resistant HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer: results from the PANACEA (IBCSG 45-13/BIG 4-13/KEYNOTE-014) study. Cancer Res 2018; 78: GS2-06-GS02-06
  • 11 Hartkopf AD, Graf J, Simoes E. et al. Electronic-based patient-reported outcomes: willingness, needs, and barriers in adjuvant and metastatic breast cancer patients. JMIR Cancer 2017; 3: e11
  • 12 Tripathy D, Sohn J, Im S-A. et al. Abstract GS2-05: First-line ribociclib vs placebo with goserelin and tamoxifen or a non-steroidal aromatase inhibitor in premenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative advanced breast cancer: results from the randomized phase III MONALEESA-7 trial. Cancer Res 2018; 78: GS2-05-GS02-05
  • 13 Singh H, Howie L, Bloomquist E. et al. Abstract GS5-06: A U.S. food and drug administration pooled analysis of outcomes of older women with hormone-receptor positive metastatic breast cancer treated with a CDK4/6 inhibitor as initial endocrine based therapy. Cancer Res 2018; 78: GS5-06-GS05-06
  • 14 Goetz M, OʼShaughnessy J, Sledge G. et al. Abstract GS6-02: The benefit of abemaciclib in prognostic subgroups: an exploratory analysis of combined data from the MONARCH 2 and 3 studies. Cancer Res 2018; 78: GS6-02-GS06-02
  • 15 Kommission Mamma der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Gynäkologische Onkologie e.V. in der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe e.V. sowie in der Deutschen Krebsgesellschaft e.V.. Diagnostik und Therapie von Patientinnen mit primärem und metastasiertem Brustkrebs (2017). Online: https://www.ago-online.de/fileadmin/downloads/leitlinien/mamma/2017-03/AGO_deutsch/PDF_Gesamtdatei_deutsch/Alle_aktuellen_Empfehlungen_2017.pdf last access: 07.01.2018
  • 16 Leitlinienprogramm Onkologie (Deutsche Krebsgesellschaft Deutsche Krebshilfe AWMF). S3-Leitlinie Früherkennung, Diagnose, Therapie und Nachsorge des Mammakarzinoms, Version 4.0, 2017 AWMF Registernummer: 032-045OL. 2017 Online: http://www.leitlinienprogramm-onkologie.de/leitlinien/mammakarzinom/ last access: 07.01.2018
  • 17 Schmid P, Zaiss M, Harper-Wynne C. et al. Abstract GS2-07: MANTA – A randomized phase II study of fulvestrant in combination with the dual mTOR inhibitor AZD2014 or everolimus or fulvestrant alone in estrogen receptor-positive advanced or metastatic breast cancer. Cancer Res 2018; 78: GS2-07-GS02-07
  • 18 Traina TA, OʼShaughnessy J, Nanda R. et al. Preliminary results from a phase 2 single-arm study of enzalutamide, an androgen receptor (AR) inhibitor, in advanced AR plus triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Cancer Res 2015; 75: Abstract. P5-19-09 doi:10.1158/1538-7445.SABCS14-P5-19-09
  • 19 Traina TA, Miller K, Yardley DA. et al. Results from a phase 2 study of enzalutamide (ENZA), an androgen receptor (AR) inhibitor, in advanced AR plus triplenegative breast cancer (TNBC). J Clin Oncol 2015; 33 (15) 1003-1003 doi:10.1200/jco.2015.33.15_suppl.1003
  • 20 Cortes J, Crown J, Awada A. et al. Overall survival (OS) from the phase 2 study of enzalutamide (ENZA), an androgen receptor (AR) signaling inhibitor, in AR plus advanced triple-negative breast cancer (aTNBC). Eur J Cancer 2015; 51: S265-S265
  • 21 Krop I, Abramson V, Colleoni M. et al. Abstract GS4-07: Results from a randomized placebo-controlled phase 2 trial evaluating exemestane ± enzalutamide in patients with hormone receptor–positive breast cancer. Cancer Res 2018; 78: GS4-07-GS04-07
  • 22 Nabieva N, Kellner S, Fehm T. et al. Patient and tumor characteristics and their influence on early therapy persistence with letrozole in postmenopausal patients with early breast cancer. Ann Oncol 2017; DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdx630.
  • 23 Hadji P, Jackisch C, Bolten W. et al. COMPliance and Arthralgia in Clinical Therapy: the COMPACT trial, assessing the incidence of arthralgia, and compliance within the first year of adjuvant anastrozole therapy. Ann Oncol 2014; 25: 372-377
  • 24 Hadji P, Ziller V, Kyvernitakis J. et al. Persistence in patients with breast cancer treated with tamoxifen or aromatase inhibitors: a retrospective database analysis. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2013; 138: 185-191
  • 25 Hadji P, Blettner M, Harbeck N. et al. The Patientʼs Anastrozole Compliance to Therapy (PACT) Program: a randomized, in-practice study on the impact of a standardized information program on persistence and compliance to adjuvant endocrine therapy in postmenopausal women with early breast cancer. Ann Oncol 2013; 24: 1505-1512
  • 26 Hershman D, Unger J, Greenlee H. et al. Abstract GS4-04: Randomized blinded sham- and waitlist-controlled trial of acupuncture for joint symptoms related to aromatase inhibitors in women with early stage breast cancer (S1200). Cancer Res 2018; 78: GS4-04-GS04-04
  • 27 Tamaki K, Takaesu M, Nagamine S. et al. Abstract P6-11-01: Final results of the randomized trial of exercise intervention vs. usual care for breast cancer patients with aromatase inhibitor to prevent and improve the aromatase inhibitor induced arthralgia. Cancer Res 2018; 78: P6-11-01-P16-11-01
  • 28 Hurvitz S, Chan A, Iannotti N. et al. Abstract P3-14-01: Effects of adding budesonide or colestipol to loperamide prophylaxis on neratinib-associated diarrhea in patients with HER2+ early-stage breast cancer: the CONTROL trial. Cancer Res 2018; 78: P3-14-01-P13-14-01
  • 29 Silva G, Moreira R, Gimenes D. et al. Abstract P6-11-06: Efficacy of scalp cooling in preventing chemotherapy-induced alopecia in breast cancer patients: a retrospective, comprehensive review of 330 cases of Brazil. Cancer Res 2018; 78: P6-11-06-P16-11-06
  • 30 Kurbacher C, Kurbacher A, Herz S. et al. Abstract P6-11-14: Safety and effectiveness of sensor-controlled scalp cooling to prevent alopecia in primary breast cancer patients receiving neoadjuvant or adjuvant epirubicin, taxanes, or both. Cancer Res 2018; 78: P6-11-14-P16-11-14
  • 31 Weinstein C, Jordan K, Green S. et al. Abstract P6-11-11: Single-dose fosaprepitant for the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in patients with breast cancer receiving moderately emetogenic chemotherapy regimens. Cancer Res 2018; 78: P6-11-11-P16-11-11
  • 32 Schilling J, Klare P, Heilmann V. et al. Abstract P6-11-05: NEPA for CINV prevention in highly or moderately emetogenic chemotherapy – interim results of a German non-interventional study on quality of life and efficacy. Cancer Res 2018; 78: P6-11-05-P16-11-05
  • 33 Zaleta A, Miller M, Johnson J. et al. Abstract P6-11-08: Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy and quality of life among breast cancer survivors. Cancer Res 2018; 78: P6-11-08-P16-11-08
  • 34 Early Breast Cancer Trialistsʼ Collaborative Group. Adjuvant bisphosphonate treatment in early breast cancer: meta-analyses of individual patient data from randomised trials. Lancet 2015; 386: 1353-1361
  • 35 Janni W, Friedl T, Fehm T. et al. Abstract GS1-06: Extended adjuvant bisphosphonate treatment over five years in early breast cancer does not improve disease-free and overall survival compared to two years of treatment: phase III data from the SUCCESS A study. Cancer Res 2018; 78: GS1-06-GS01-06
  • 36 Gnant M, Steger G, Greil R. et al. Abstract GS3-01: A prospective randomized multi-center phase-III trial of additional 2 versus additional 5 years of anastrozole after initial 5 years of adjuvant endocrine therapy – results from 3,484 postmenopausal women in the ABCSG-16 trial. Cancer Res 2018; 78: GS3-01-GS03-01
  • 37 Bayer CM, Beckmann MW, Fasching PA. Updates on the role of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB/receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB ligand/osteoprotegerin pathway in breast cancer risk and treatment. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2017; 29: 4-11
  • 38 Hein A, Bayer CM, Schrauder MG. et al. Polymorphisms in the RANK/RANKL genes and their effect on bone specific prognosis in breast cancer patients. Biomed Res Int 2014; 2014: 842452
  • 39 Timotheadou E, Kalogeras KT, Koliou GA. et al. Evaluation of the prognostic value of RANK, OPG, and RANKL mRNA expression in early breast cancer patients treated with anthracycline-based adjuvant chemotherapy. Transl Oncol 2017; 10: 589-598
  • 40 Sigl V, Owusu-Boaitey K, Joshi PA. et al. RANKL/RANK control Brca1 mutation-driven mammary tumors. Cell Res 2016; 26: 761-774
  • 41 Kiechl S, Schramek D, Widschwendter M. et al. Aberrant regulation of RANKL/OPG in women at high risk of developing breast cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8: 3811-3825
  • 42 Nolan E, Vaillant F, Branstetter D. et al. RANK ligand as a potential target for breast cancer prevention in BRCA1-mutation carriers. Nat Med 2016; 22: 933-939
  • 43 Lee O, Sun L, Karavites L. et al. Abstract P5-14-01: Telapristone acetate abrogates PR-dependent paracrine-mediated mammary cell proliferation. Cancer Res 2018; 78: P5-14-01-P15-14-01
  • 44 Lux MP, Bayer CM, Loehberg CR. et al. Shared decision-making in metastatic breast cancer: discrepancy between the expected prolongation of life and treatment efficacy between patients and physicians, and influencing factors. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2013; 139: 429-440
  • 45 Thiel FC, Schrauder MG, Fasching PA. et al. Shared decision-making in breast cancer: discrepancy between the treatment efficacy required by patients and by physicians. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2012; 135: 811-820
  • 46 Chirgwin JH, Giobbie-Hurder A, Coates AS. et al. Treatment adherence and its impact on disease-free survival in the Breast International Group 1-98 trial of tamoxifen and letrozole, alone and in sequence. J Clin Oncol 2016; 34: 2452-2459
  • 47 Tresp V, Overhage JM, Bundschus M. et al. Going digital: a survey on digitalization and large-scale data analytics in healthcare. Proceedings of the IEEE 2016; 104: 2180-2206
  • 48 Wallwiener M, Matthies L, Simoes E. et al. Reliability of an e-PRO Tool of EORTC QLQ-C30 for measurement of health-related quality of life in patients with breast cancer: prospective randomized trial. J Med Internet Res 2017; 19: e322
  • 49 Dabrock P, Augsburg S. Big Data und Gesundheit – Datensouveränität als informationelle Freiheitsgestaltung (2017). Online: http://www.ethikrat.org/presse/pressekonferenzen/pressekonferenz-30-11-2017 last access: 17.01.2018
  • 50 Basch EM, Deal AM, Dueck AC. et al. Overall survival results of a randomized trial assessing patient-reported outcomes for symptom monitoring during routine cancer treatment. J Clin Oncol 2017; 35 (Suppl.) Abstr. LBA2
  • 51 Fasching PA, Brucker SY, Fehm TN. et al. Biomarkers in patients with metastatic breast cancer and the PRAEGNANT Study Network. Geburtsh Frauenheilk 2015; 75: 41-50
  • 52 Wallwiener M, Heindl F, Brucker SY. et al. Implementation and feasibility of electronic patient-reported outcome (ePRO) data entry in the PRAEGNANT Real-Time Advanced and Metastatic Breast Cancer Registry. Geburtsh Frauenheilk 2017; 77: 870-878
  • 53 Fasching PA, Wallwiener M, Lux MP. et al. Seraphina – Safety efficacy and patient reported outcomes of advanced breast cancer patients: therapy management with NAB-paclitaxel in daily routine. Cancer Research 2016; 76: Abstract OT3-02-09. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.SABCS15-OT3-02-09
  • 54 West German Study Group, Commission for translational Research of the AGO. Impact of eHealth-support on quality of life in metastatic breast cancer patients treated with palbociclib and endocrine therapy (PRECYCLE) (2017). Online: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03220178 last access: 17.01.2018
  • 55 Overkamp F, Kolberg HC, Schütz F. et al. Mammakarzinom Transparent (2017). Online: https://mammakarzinom.onkowissen.de/ last access: 24.01.2018
  • 56 Muller V, Nabieva N, Haberle L. et al. Impact of disease progression on health-related quality of life in patients with metastatic breast cancer in the PRAEGNANT breast cancer registry. Breast 2018; 37: 154-160
  • 57 Hurvitz SA, Lalla D, Crosby RD. et al. Use of the metastatic breast cancer progression (MBC-P) questionnaire to assess the value of progression-free survival for women with metastatic breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2013; 142: 603-609
  • 58 ClinicalTrials. Study to assess the safety and efficacy of ribociclib (LEE011) in combination with letrozole for the treatment of men and pre/postmenopausal women with HR+ HER2- aBC (RIBANNA-study) 2018. Online: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02941926 last access: 17.01.2018
  • 59 Fasching PA, Ekici AB, Adamietz BR. et al. Breast cancer risk – genes, environment and clinics. Geburtsh Frauenheilk 2011; 71: 1056-1066
  • 60 Fasching PA, Ekici AB, Wachter DL. et al. Breast cancer risk – from genetics to molecular understanding of pathogenesis. Geburtsh Frauenheilk 2013; 73: 1228-1235
  • 61 Couch FJ, Hart SN, Sharma P. et al. Inherited mutations in 17 breast cancer susceptibility genes among a large triple-negative breast cancer cohort unselected for family history of breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2015; 33: 304-311
  • 62 Couch FJ, Shimelis H, Hu C. et al. Associations between cancer predisposition testing panel genes and breast cancer. JAMA Oncol 2017; 3: 1190-1196
  • 63 Couch F, Shimelis H, LaDuca H. et al. Abstract PD1-01: Triple negative breast cancer predisposition genes. Cancer Res 2018; 78: PD1-01-PD01-01
  • 64 Shimelis H, Mesman RLS, Von Nicolai C. et al. BRCA2 hypomorphic missense variants confer moderate risks of breast cancer. Cancer Res 2017; 77: 2789-2799
  • 65 Southey MC, Goldgar DE, Winqvist R. et al. PALB2, CHEK2 and ATM rare variants and cancer risk: data from COGS. J Med Genet 2016; 53: 800-811
  • 66 Schmidt MK, Hogervorst F, van Hien R. et al. Age- and tumor subtype-specific breast cancer risk estimates for CHEK2*1100delC carriers. J Clin Oncol 2016; 34: 2750-2760
  • 67 Pelttari LM, Khan S, Vuorela M. et al. RAD51B in familial breast cancer. PLoS One 2016; 11: e0153788
  • 68 Fasching P, Hu C, Hart S. et al. Abstract PD1-02: Cancer predisposition genes in metastatic breast cancer – association with metastatic pattern, prognosis, patient and tumor characteristics. Cancer Res 2018; 78: PD1-02-PD01-02
  • 69 Couch F, Shimelis H, Hart S. et al. Abstract GS4-06: Cancer risks and response to targeted therapy associated with BRCA2 variants of uncertain significance. Cancer Res 2018; 78: GS4-06-GS04-06
  • 70 Milne RL, Kuchenbaecker KB, Michailidou K. et al. Identification of ten variants associated with risk of estrogen-receptor-negative breast cancer. Nat Genet 2017; 49: 1767-1778
  • 71 Michailidou K, Lindstrom S, Dennis J. et al. Association analysis identifies 65 new breast cancer risk loci. Nature 2017; 551: 92-94
  • 72 Ghoussaini M, French JD, Michailidou K. et al. Evidence that the 5p12 variant rs10941679 confers susceptibility to estrogen-receptor-positive breast cancer through FGF10 and MRPS30 regulation. Am J Hum Genet 2016; 99: 903-911
  • 73 Couch FJ, Kuchenbaecker KB, Michailidou K. et al. Identification of four novel susceptibility loci for oestrogen receptor negative breast cancer. Nat Commun 2016; 7: 11375
  • 74 Purrington KS, Slager S, Eccles D. et al. Genome-wide association study identifies 25 known breast cancer susceptibility loci as risk factors for triple-negative breast cancer. Carcinogenesis 2014; 35: 1012-1019
  • 75 Stevens KN, Fredericksen Z, Vachon CM. et al. 19p13.1 is a triple-negative-specific breast cancer susceptibility locus. Cancer Res 2012; 72: 1795-1803
  • 76 Haberle L, Hein A, Rubner M. et al. Predicting triple-negative breast cancer subtype using multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms for breast cancer risk and several variable selection methods. Geburtsh Frauenheilk 2017; 77: 667-678
  • 77 Mavaddat N, Pharoah PD, Michailidou K. et al. Prediction of breast cancer risk based on profiling with common genetic variants. J Natl Cancer Inst 2015; 107: pii:djv036 doi:10.1093/jnci/djv036
  • 78 Vachon CM, Pankratz VS, Scott CG. et al. The contributions of breast density and common genetic variation to breast cancer risk. J Natl Cancer Inst 2015; 107: pii:dju397 doi:10.1093/jnci/dju397
  • 79 Rudolph A, Song M, Brook MN. et al. Joint associations of a polygenic risk score and environmental risk factors for breast cancer in the Breast Cancer Association Consortium. Int J Epidemiol 2018; DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyx242.
  • 80 Guo Q, Burgess S, Turman C. et al. Body mass index and breast cancer survival: a Mendelian randomization analysis. Int J Epidemiol 2017; 46: 1814-1822
  • 81 Zhang B, Shu XO, Delahanty RJ. et al. Height and breast cancer risk: evidence from prospective studies and Mendelian randomization. J Natl Cancer Inst 2015; 107: pii:djv219 doi:10.1093/jnci/djv219
  • 82 Vachon CM, Scott CG, Fasching PA. et al. Common breast cancer susceptibility variants in LSP1 and RAD51L1 are associated with mammographic density measures that predict breast cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2012; 21: 1156-1166