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CC BY 4.0 · J Neuroanaesth Crit Care 2023; 10(03): 155-166
DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1778075
Narrative Review

Implications for Anesthesia and Beyond

Padmaja Durga 
1   Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences (NIMS), Telangana, Hyderabad, India
,
Geetha Singham 
1   Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences (NIMS), Telangana, Hyderabad, India
,
Anupama Baradaa
2   Osmania Medical College, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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Abstract

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a nonpeptide amino acid transmitter, is a major component of modern neuropharmacology and one of the most crucial target sites for general anesthetics and therapeutic drugs. GABA type A receptors (GABAARs) are the most abundant inhibitory neurotransmitter receptors in the central nervous system. They are part of the rapid-acting, ligand-gated ion channel (LGIC) receptor category, a pentameric Cys-loop superfamily member that mediates inhibitory neurotransmission in the mature brain. GABAARs mainly consist of two α subunits, two β subunits, and one additional subunit from either γ or δ arranged around a central chloride (Cl-) selective channel. Multiple GABAAR subunit subtypes and splice variants have been identified. Each variant of GABAAR exhibits distinct biophysical and pharmacologic properties. Several compounds allosterically modulate the GABAAR positively or negatively. The widely used positive GABAAR modulators include benzodiazepines (anxiolytic and anticonvulsant), general anesthetics (volatile agents like isoflurane, and intravenous agents like barbiturates, etomidate, and propofol), long-chain alcohols, some anticonvulsants, and neuroactive steroids. The binding sites for each drug are distinctly different. The anesthetic drugs enhance receptor-mediated synaptic transmission and thus interrupt the thalamocortical transmission, which controls the sleep–wake patterns. Abnormality in the GABAAR function has been implicated in several neurological conditions, such as sleep disorders, seizures, depression, cognitive function, neurological recovery after injury, and neuroplasticity. Understanding the GABAAR lays the foundation for the development of highly specific drugs in the treatment of neurological disorders and general anesthesia.

Keywords

GABA - GABAA receptor - isoforms - general anesthesia - modulation - neurological disorders


Publication History

Article published online:
27 March 2024

© 2024. The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, permitting unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction so long as the original work is properly cited. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

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