Diät, Mikrobiom und Multiple Sklerose

Zusammenfassung

Die Ursachenforschung auf dem Gebiet der Multiplen Sklerose (MS) hat dank neuer molekularbiologischer Techniken und großer Konsortien in den letzten Jahren vor allem hinsichtlich des genetischen Risikos immense Fortschritte erlebt. Allerdings bleibt die funktionelle Relevanz krankheitsassoziierter Risiko-Genvarianten unklar und spielt mit ca. einem Drittel des Gesamtrisikos die Genetik gegenüber den Umwelt-Risikofaktoren eher eine untergeordnete Rolle. Somit ist die weitere Identifikation und ggf. Prävention von Umwelt-Risiken aktuell im Fokus der Forschung. Hier haben sich jüngst vor allem Risikofaktoren für die MS gezeigt, die eng mit Lifestyle und Ernährung in Zusammenhang stehen, wie die sog. westliche Diät und Lebensstil, u. a. mit hohem Kochsalzkonsum und Zigarettenrauch. Darüber hinaus rückt der menschliche Darm immer weiter in den Fokus der Forschung: Mit seiner großen Oberfläche bietet der Darm immense Interaktionsmöglichkeiten zwischen den im Darm ansässigen Bakterien, der Nahrung und ihren Stoffwechselprodukten sowie dem Darm assoziierten Immunsystem.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit fassen wir bisherige Erkenntnisse aus dem stetig wachsenden Forschungsgebiet zusammen, das sich mit dem Darm, der Ernährung und der MS befasst und diskutieren, wie diese Erkenntnisse, wie zuletzt für Fettsäuren von uns gezeigt, translational-therapeutisches Potenzial haben könnten.

Abstract

Research into the causes of multiple sclerosis (MS), especially in the field of genetic risks of this disease, has made immense advances, thanks to new molecular biology techniques and large consortia over recent years. However, the functional relevance of disease-associated risk gene variants remains unclear and representing about one-third of the overall risk as against environmental risk factors plays a subordinate role. Thus, the further identification and, where appropriate, prevention of environmental risks is currently the focus of research. Here recently, above all, risk factors for MS have been shown, which are closely related to western diet and lifestyle, such as high consumption of salt and cigarette smoke. In addition, the human gut continues to be the focus of research: with its large surface, the gut offers immense opportunities for interaction between intestinal bacteria, food and their metabolic products, as well as the immune system associated with the gut.

In the present paper, we summarize the findings of the constantly growing research field dealing with the gut, nutrition and MS, and discuss how these findings, as shown recently for fatty acids, could have translational-therapeutic potential.

Schlüsselwörter

Darm - Mikrobiom - Ernährung - Multiple Sklerose

Keywords

gut - microbiome - diet - multiple sclerosis

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