OP-Journal 2017; 33(02): 128-135
DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-102333
Fachwissen
Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Die infizierte Spondylodese

Infection Following Spinal Instrumentation
Stefan Zwingenberger
,
Klaus-Dieter Schaser
,
Maik Stiehler
,
Peter Bernstein
,
Alexander Thürmer
,
Alexander Carl Disch
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
06 September 2017 (online)

Zusammenfassung

Die implantatassoziierte Infektion ist eine der häufigsten Komplikationen nach operativer Spondylodese. Die klinische Symptomatik kann akut fulminant, protrahiert oder auch atypisch verlaufen. Frühinfekte entstehen in der Regel durch den operativen Eingriff selbst, Spätinfekte sind dagegen meistens von hämatogener Genese. Die antibiotische Behandlung sollte erst nach mikrobiologischer Diagnostik begonnen werden. Das Entnehmen von mindestens 5 Biopsaten im antibiotikafreien Intervall (> 48 h) sowie das Einsenden der Implantate zur Sonikation erhöhen signifikant die Keimnachweiswahrscheinlichkeit. Durch Einsenden von Gewebeproben zur histopathologischen Untersuchung können mikrobiologische Kontaminationen von echten Infektionen unterschieden werden. Bei Vorliegen eines akuten Infekts ist eine einmalige implantaterhaltende Revision möglich. Infektbedingte, knöcherne Destruktionen sowie Gewebsnekrosen sollten radikal debridiert, gelockerte Implantate entfernt oder gewechselt werden. Postoperativ sollte mit einer empirischen, die häufigsten Erreger abdeckenden, Antibiose begonnen werden, die im Verlauf ggf. gemäß Resistogramm angepasst werden sollte. Das Behandlungskonzept sollte interdisziplinär mit mikrobiolgischer und infektiologischer Expertise erfolgen.

Abstract

Implant associated infection is one of the most common complication after spinal fusion. Clinical symptoms can be acute fulminant, protracted or without typical signs. While early infections usually occur directly subsequent to an operative procedure, late infections often are caused by hematogenic dissemination of bacteria. The antibiotic treatment should not be started before microbiological diagnostics are completed. Collecting at least 5 samples within the antibiotic-free-interval (> 48 h) and sonication of the implant significantly increases the chance of detecting the responsible germ. Sending additional samples for histopathological investigations allows distinguishing between real infections and contaminations. Acute infections allow one revision without implant removal. Infection related bony destruction and necrotic tissue should be resected radically, loose implants should be removed or replaced. Postoperative an empirical antibiotic treatment should be started covering the most common bacteria. After microbiological analysis presents the specific resistogram for the patient, antibiotic therapy has to be adapted if necessary. Treatment of infected spondylodesis should be performed in a multidisciplinary setting including spine surgical, microbiological and infectiological expertise.

 
  • Literatur

  • 1 Horan TC, Culver DH, Gaynes RP. et al. Nosocomial infections in surgical patients in the United States, January 1986–June 1992. National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) System. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1993; 14: 73-80
  • 2 Weinstein MA, McCabe JP, Cammisa FP. Postoperative spinal wound infection: a review of 2,391 consecutive index procedures. J Spinal Disord 2000; 13: 422-426
  • 3 Veeravagu A, Patil CG, Lad SP. et al. Risk factors for postoperative spinal wound infections after spinal decompression and fusion surgeries. Spine 2009; 34: 1869-1872
  • 4 Thalgott JS, Cotler HB, Sasso RC. et al. Postoperative infections in spinal implants. Classification and analysis – a multicenter study. Spine 1991; 16: 981-984
  • 5 Pull ter Gunne AF, Cohen DB. Incidence, prevalence, and analysis of risk factors for surgical site infection following adult spinal surgery. Spine 2009; 34: 1422-1428
  • 6 Fang A, Hu SS, Endres N. et al. Risk factors for infection after spinal surgery. Spine 2005; 30: 1460-1465
  • 7 Smith JS, Shaffrey CI, Sansur CA. et al. Rates of infection after spine surgery based on 108,419 procedures: a report from the Scoliosis Research Society Morbidity and Mortality Committee. Spine 2011; 36: 556-563
  • 8 Fei Q, Li J, Lin J. et al. Risk factors for surgical site infection after spinal surgery: a meta-analysis. World Neurosurg 2016; 95: 507-515
  • 9 Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Orthopädie und Traumatologie. Infektionen des Bewegungsapparates. 2. Auflage.. Grandvaux: swiss orthopaedics; 2015
  • 10 Sasso RC, Garrido BJ. Postoperative spinal wound infections. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2008; 16: 330-337
  • 11 Trampuz A, Piper KE, Jacobson MJ. et al. Sonication of removed hip and knee prostheses for diagnosis of infection. N Engl J Med 2007; 357: 654-663
  • 12 Atkins BL, Athanasou N, Deeks JJ. et al. Prospective evaluation of criteria for microbiological diagnosis of prosthetic-joint infection at revision arthroplasty. The OSIRIS Collaborative Study Group. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 36: 2932-2939
  • 13 Podbielski A, Herrmann M, Kniehl E. et al. Mikrobiologisch-infektiologische Qualitätsstandards MiQ 18/2014: Mikrobiologische Diagnostik der Arthritis und Osteomyelitis – Teil I. 2. Auflage.. München: Urban & Fischer Verlag/Elsevier GmbH; 2014
  • 14 Sampedro MF, Huddleston PM, Piper KE. et al. A biofilm approach to detect bacteria on removed spinal implants. Spine 2010; 35: 1218-1224
  • 15 Chang F-Y, Chang M-C, Wang S-T. et al. Can povidone-iodine solution be used safely in a spinal surgery?. Eur Spine J 2006; 15: 1005-1014
  • 16 Van Hal M, Lee J, Laudermilch D. et al. Vancomycin powder regimen for prevention of surgical site infection in complex spine surgeries. Clin Spine Surg 2017; DOI: 10.1097/BSD.0000000000000516.
  • 17 Chotai S, Wright PW, Hale AT. et al. Does intrawound vancomycin application during spine surgery create vancomycin-resistant organism?. Neurosurgery 2017; 80: 746-753
  • 18 Ploumis A, Mehbod AA, Dressel TD. et al. Therapy of spinal wound infections using vacuum-assisted wound closure: risk factors leading to resistance to treatment. J Spinal Disord Tech 2008; 21: 320-323
  • 19 Chieng LO, Hubbard Z, Salgado CJ. et al. Reconstruction of open wounds as a complication of spinal surgery with flaps: a systematic review. Neurosurg Focus 2015; 39: E17