Download PDF
J Neurol Surg A Cent Eur Neurosurg 2024; 85(02): 137-141
DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1760433
Original Article

New Evidence for Regulatory Role of Trigeminal Ganglion on the Intraocular Pressure Following Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Huseyin Findik
1   Department of Ophthalmology, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Medical Faculty, Rize, Turkey
,
Ayhan Kanat 
2   Department of Neurosurgery, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Medical Faculty, Rize, Turkey
,
Mehmet Dumlu Aydin
3   Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty of Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
,
Ali Riza Guvercin 
4   Department of Neurosurgery, Karadeniz Technical University, Medical Faculty, Trabzon, Turkey
,
Sevilay Ozmen
4   Department of Neurosurgery, Karadeniz Technical University, Medical Faculty, Trabzon, Turkey
› Author Affiliations
› Further Information
    Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

Background Increased intraocular pressure (IOP) likely secondary to an activated oculo-trigeminal reflex network is an important issue following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The relationship between the IOP and trigeminal ganglion (TGG) following experimental SAH was investigated in this study.

Methods Twenty-three rabbits were used in this study. Five rabbits (n = 5) were used as the control group, another 5 as the sham group (n = 5), and the remaining 13 (n = 13) as the study group. The study group was further divided into two groups of animals with mild (n = 6) and severe (n = 7) TGG degeneration. The IOP values were recorded. After 2 weeks, the animals were decapitated. The mean degenerated neuron density of TGGs was estimated by stereological methods and analyzed statistically.

Results The average IOP values were 11.85, 14.12, and 21.45 mm Hg in the control (n = 5), sham (n = 5), and study (n = 13) groups, respectively. The mean degenerated neuron density was 34, 237, and 3,165 mm3 in the control, sham, and study groups, respectively.

Conclusion According to the findings of this study, the experimental SAH leads to changes in IOP by affecting the TGG. By predicting and preventing IOP elevation in the setting of SAH, our findings will shed light on secondary sequelae such as glaucoma and irreversible blindness.

Keywords

trigeminal ganglion - intraocular pressure - subarachnoid hemorrhage


Publication History

Received: 31 March 2022

Accepted: 01 September 2022

Article published online:
06 March 2023

© 2023. Thieme. All rights reserved.

Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Rüdigerstraße 14, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany

 

  • References

  • 1 Kanat A, Aydin Y. Asymptomatic familial cerebral aneurysms. Neurosurgery 1999; 44 (06) 1364-1365
    Google Scholar
  • 2 Celiker M, Kanat A, Aydin MD. et al. First emerging objective experimental evidence of hearing impairment following subarachnoid haemorrhage; Felix culpa, phonophobia, and elucidation of the role of trigeminal ganglion. Int J Neurosci 2019; 129 (08) 794-800
    Google Scholar
  • 3 Ridwan S, Urbach H, Greschus S, Hagen JV, Esche J, Boström A. Health economic aspects of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: factors determining first year in-hospital treatment expenses. J Neurol Surg A Cent Eur Neurosurg 2021; 82 (03) 204-210
    Google Scholar
  • 4 Kilic M, Aydin MD, Demirci E. et al. Unpublished neuropathologic mechanism behind the muscle weakness/paralysis and gait disturbances induced by sciatic nerve degeneration after spinal subarachnoid hemorrhage: an experimental study. World Neurosurg 2018; 119: e1029-e1034
    Google Scholar
  • 5 Kanat A. Pathophysiology of acute hydrocephalus after subarachnoid hemorrhage. World Neurosurg 2014; 82 (1–2): e386-e387
    Google Scholar
  • 6 Kanat A. Letter to the Editor regarding “Predictors of shunt-dependent hydrocephalus after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage? A systematic review and meta-analysis.”. World Neurosurg 2017; 108 (12) 963
    Google Scholar
  • 7 Kanat A, Turkmenoglu O, Aydin MD. et al. Toward changing of the pathophysiologic basis of acute hydrocephalus after subarachnoid hemorrhage: a preliminary experimental study. World Neurosurg 2013; 80 (3–4): 390-395
    Google Scholar
  • 8 Kayaci S, Kanat A, Aydin MD. et al. Role of neuron density of the stellate ganglion on regulation of the basilar artery volume in subarachnoid hemorrhage: An experimental study. Auton Neurosci 2011; 165 (02) 163-167
    Google Scholar
  • 9 Ozturk C, Ozdemir NG, Kanat A. et al. How reliable is pupillary evaluation following subarachnoid hemorrhage? Effect of oculomotor nerve degeneration secondary to posterior communicating artery vasospasm: first experimental study. J Neurol Surg A Cent Eur Neurosurg 2018; 79 (04) 302-308
    Google Scholar
  • 10 Yolas C, Kanat A, Aydin MD. et al. Unraveling of the effect of nodose ganglion degeneration on the coronary artery vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage: an experimental study. World Neurosurg 2016; 86: 79-87
    Google Scholar
  • 11 Aydin MD, Kanat A, Yolas C. et al. Spinal subarachnoid hemorrhage induced intractable miotic pupil. A reminder of ciliospinal sympathetic center ischemia based miosis: An experimental study. Turk Neurosurg 2019; 29 (03) 434-439
    Google Scholar
  • 12 Findik H, Kanat A, Aydin MD. et al. Describing a new mechanism of retinal detachment secondary to ophthalmic artery vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage: an experimental study. J Neurol Surg A Cent Eur Neurosurg 2019; 80 (06) 430-440
    Google Scholar
  • 13 Kazdal H, Kanat A, Aydin MD. et al. Sudden death and cervical spine: a new contribution to pathogenesis for sudden death in critical care unit from subarachnoid hemorrhage; first report—an experimental study. J Craniovertebr Junction Spine 2017; 8 (01) 33-38
    Google Scholar
  • 14 Kilic M, Kilic B, Aydin MD. et al. Paradoxic relations between basilar artery reconfiguration and superior cervical ganglia ischemia after bilateral common carotid artery ligation. World Neurosurg 2019; 125: e658-e664
    Google Scholar
  • 15 Sahin B, Kanat A, Karadag MK, Demirtas R, Aydin MD. Protective Felix culpa effect of superior sympathetic cervical ganglion degenerations on prevention of basilar artery spasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage: a preliminary experimental study. World Neurosurg 2022; 164: e861-e867
    Google Scholar
  • 16 Aydin MD, Kanat A, Sahin B, Sahin MH, Ergene S, Demirtas R. New experimental finding of dangerous autonomic ganglia changes in cardiac injury following subarachnoid hemorrhage; a reciprocal culprit-victim relationship between the brain and heart. Int J Neurosci 2022; Jun 15: 1-12
    Google Scholar
  • 17 McDougal DH, Gamlin PD. Autonomic control of the eye. Compr Physiol 2015; 5 (01) 439-473
    Google Scholar
  • 18 Musluman AM, Aydin MD, Yilmaz A. et al. The effect of degenerated neuron density of petrosal ganglion on the development of blood pressure variabilities after subarachnoid hemorrhage in a rabbit model: an experimental study. Turk Neurosurg 2011; 21 (04) 559-566
    Google Scholar
  • 19 Kepoglu U, Kanat A, Dumlu Aydin M. et al. New histopathologic evidence for the parasympathetic innervation of the kidney and the mechanism of hypertension following subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Craniofac Surg 2020; 31 (03) 865-870
    Google Scholar
  • 20 Meng Q, Fang P, Hu Z, Ling Y, Liu H. Mechanotransduction of trigeminal ganglion neurons innervating inner walls of rat anterior eye chambers. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2015; 309 (01) C1-C10
    Google Scholar
  • 21 Kanat A, Aydin MD, Bayram E. et al. A new determinant of poor outcome after spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage: blood pH and the disruption of glossopharyngeal nerve-carotid body network—first experimental study. World Neurosurg 2017; 104: 330-338
    Google Scholar
  • 22 Aydin MD, Kanat A, Yilmaz A. et al. The role of ischemic neurodegeneration of the nodose ganglia on cardiac arrest after subarachnoid hemorrhage: an experimental study. Exp Neurol 2011; 230 (01) 90-95
    Google Scholar
  • 23 Aydin MD, Serarslan Y, Gündogdu C. et al. The relationship between the neuron density of the trigeminal ganglion and the posterior communicating artery vasospasm in subarachnoid hemorrhage: an experimental study. Neurosurg Q 2012; 22 (01) 1-6
    Google Scholar
  • 24 Kanat A. Science in neurosurgery: the importance of the scientific method. Neurosurgery 1998; 43 (06) 1497
    Google Scholar
  • 25 Kanat A, Turgut M, de Divitiis O. Letter to the Editor regarding “Aneurysm clip compression technique in the surgery of aneurysms with hard/calcified neck.”. World Neurosurg 2018; 110: 499-500
    Google Scholar
  • 26 Ozdemir NG, Aydin MD, Yolas C. et al. Predictive role of external carotid artery vasospasm on cerebral ischemia after subarachnoid hemorrhage: experimental study. Turk Neurosurg 2017; 27 (06) 874-883
    Google Scholar
  • 27 Ozmen S, Altinkaynak K, Aydin MD. et al. Toward understanding the causes of blood pH irregularities and the roles of newly described binuclear neurons of carotid bodies on blood pH regulation during subarachnoid hemorrhage: experimental study. Neuropathology 2019; 39 (04) 259-267
    Google Scholar
  • 28 Yolas C, Kanat A, Aydin MD, Turkmenoglu ON, Gundogdu C. Important casual association of carotid body and glossopharyngeal nerve and lung following experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage in rabbits. First report. J Neurol Sci 2014; 336 (1–2): 220-226
    Google Scholar
  • 29 Yilmaz A, Aydin MD, Kanat A. et al. The effect of choroidal artery vasospasm on choroid plexus injury in subarachnoid hemorrhage: experimental study. Turk Neurosurg 2011; 21 (04) 477-482
    Google Scholar
  • 30 Kazdal H, Kanat A, Findik H. et al. Transorbital ultrasonographic measurement of optic nerve sheath diameter for intracranial midline shift in patients with head trauma. World Neurosurg 2016; 85 (01) 292-297
    Google Scholar
  • 31 Ozdemir B, Kanat A, Ozdemir V, Batcik OE, Yazar U, Guvercin AR. The effect of neuroscientists on the studies of autonomic nervous system dysfunction following experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Craniofac Surg 2019; 30 (07) 2184-2188
    Google Scholar
  • 32 Bostan H, Cabalar M, Altinay S. et al. Sciatic nerve injury following analgesic drug injection in rats: A histopathological examination. North Clin Istanb 2018; 5 (03) 176-185
    Google Scholar
  • 33 Caglar O, Firinci B, Aydin ME. et al. First emerging evidence of the relationship between Onuf's nucleus degeneration and reduced sperm number following spinal subarachnoid haemorrhage: experimental study. Andrologia 2021; 53 (05) e14030
    Google Scholar
  • 34 Ozdemir B, Kanat A, Durmaz S, Ersegun Batcik O, Gundogdu H. Introducing a new possible predisposing risk factor for odontoid type 2 fractures after cervical trauma; ponticulus posticus anomaly of C1 vertebra. J Clin Neurosci 2022; 96: 194-198
    Google Scholar