CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · Indian J Med Paediatr Oncol 2022; 43(01): 019-023
DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1743128
Perspective

The Interplay between COVID-19 and Cancer: Challenges and Perspectives

1   Department of Medical Oncology, Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
,
2   Department of Anaesthesiology, Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
› Author Affiliations

Introduction

We are now nearly 2 years into the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. As we learn to exist and move ahead, embracing the “new normal” with COVID-19, both at a professional and personal level, it is time to reflect on some of the challenges and lessons from the pandemic. COVID-19, one of the most devastating health emergencies of the century, has laid bare the inefficiencies of modern health systems and led to 5 million deaths worldwide.[1] The varying case fatality rates of 0.5 to 2.5% and the absolute numbers of deaths reported from different countries are still lower than the mortality due to noncommunicable diseases and other infectious diseases.[1] This is not to belittle the devastation caused by the pandemic but to draw attention to the impact that COVID-19 and the response to the pandemic have had on systems needed for prevention and management of these other illnesses. In this article, we explore the complex interplay between cancer and COVID-19, the impact of cancer on COVID-19 severity and outcomes, and how COVID-19 affected several levels of care in the diagnosis and management of cancer.



Publication History

Article published online:
17 February 2022

© 2022. Indian Society of Medical and Paediatric Oncology. This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commercial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Thieme Medical and Scientific Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
A-12, 2nd Floor, Sector 2, Noida-201301 UP, India

 
  • References

  • 1 WHO. COVID-19 Dashboard. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020 Accessed November 11, 2021 at: https://covid19.who.int/
  • 2 Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F. et al. Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Tomorrow. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. Accessed November 11, 2021 at https://gco.iarc.fr/today/data/factsheets
  • 3 Goss PE, Strasser-Weippl K, Lee-Bychkovsky BL. et al. Challenges to effective cancer control in China, India, and Russia. Lancet Oncol 2014; 15 (05) 489-538
  • 4 Venkatesulu BP, Chandrasekar VT, Girdhar P. et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of cancer patients affected by a novel coronavirus. JNCI Cancer Spectr 2021; 5 (02) a102
  • 5 Robilotti EV, Babady NE, Mead PA. et al. Determinants of COVID-19 disease severity in patients with cancer. Nat Med 2020; 26 (08) 1218-1223
  • 6 Kuderer NM, Choueiri TK, Shah DP. et al; COVID-19 and Cancer Consortium. Clinical impact of COVID-19 on patients with cancer (CCC19): a cohort study. Lancet 2020; 395 (10241): 1907-1918
  • 7 Johannesen TB, Smeland S, Aaserud S. et al. COVID-19 in cancer patients, risk factors for disease and adverse outcome, a population-based study from Norway. Front Oncol 2021; 11: 652535
  • 8 Lee LY, Cazier JB, Angelis V. et al; UK Coronavirus Monitoring Project Team. COVID-19 mortality in patients with cancer on chemotherapy or other anticancer treatments: a prospective cohort study. Lancet 2020; 395 (10241): 1919-1926
  • 9 Pinato DJ, Lee AJX, Biello F. et al. Presenting features and early mortality from SARS-CoV-2 infection in cancer patients during the initial stage of the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12 (07) 1841
  • 10 Russell B, Moss C, Papa S. et al. Factors affecting COVID-19 outcomes in cancer patients: a first report from Guy's Cancer Center in London. Front Oncol 2020; 10: 1279
  • 11 Lièvre A, Turpin A, Ray-Coquard I. et al; GCO-002 CACOVID-19 collaborators/investigators. Risk factors for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) severity and mortality among solid cancer patients and impact of the disease on anticancer treatment: a French nationwide cohort study (GCO-002 CACOVID-19). Eur J Cancer 2020; 141: 62-81
  • 12 Tartarone A, Lerose R. COVID-19 and cancer care: what do international guidelines say?. Med Oncol 2020; 37 (09) 80
  • 13 Anand A. Three New Estimates of India's All-Cause Excess Mortality during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Accessed 2 February 2022 at: https://cgdev.org/publication/three-new-estimates-indias-all-cause-excess-mortality-during-covid-19-pandemic
  • 14 Chakrabarti SS, Kaur U, Banerjee A. et al. COVID-19 in India: are biological and environmental factors helping to stem the incidence and severity?. Aging Dis 2020; 11 (03) 480-488
  • 15 Mehta A, Vasudevan S, Parkash A, Sharma A, Vashist T, Krishna V. COVID-19 mortality in cancer patients: a report from a tertiary cancer centre in India. PeerJ 2021; 9: e10599
  • 16 Ramaswamy A, Nayak L, Roy Moulik N. et al. COVID-19 in cancer patients on active systemic therapy - outcomes from LMIC scenario with an emphasis on need for active treatment. Cancer Med 2020; 9 (23) 8747-8753
  • 17 Radhakrishnan V, Ovett J, Rajendran A. et al. COVID19 in children with cancer in low- and middle-income countries: experience from a cancer center in Chennai, India. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2021; 38 (02) 161-167
  • 18 Moreira DC, Millen GC, Sands S, Kearns PR, Hawkins DS. The care of children with cancer during the COVID-19 pandemic. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2021; 41: 1-10
  • 19 Parambil BC, Moulik NR, Dhamne C. et al. COVID-19 in children with cancer and continuation of cancer-directed therapy during the infection. Indian J Pediatr 2021; 11: 1-7
  • 20 Riera R, Bagattini ÂM, Pacheco RL, Pachito DV, Roitberg F, Ilbawi A. Delays and disruptions in cancer health care due to COVID-19 pandemic: systematic review. JCO Glob Oncol 2021; 7: 311-323
  • 21 Khanna D, Khargekar NC, Khanna AK. Implementation of early detection services for cancer in India during COVID-19 pandemic. Cancer Contr 2020; 27 (01) 1073274820960471
  • 22 Ranganathan P, Sengar M, Chinnaswamy G. et al; National Cancer Grid of India. Impact of COVID-19 on cancer care in India: a cohort study. Lancet Oncol 2021; 22 (07) 970-976
  • 23 Hanna TP, King WD, Thibodeau S. et al. Mortality due to cancer treatment delay: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2020; 371: m4087
  • 24 Maringe C, Spicer J, Morris M. et al. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cancer deaths due to delays in diagnosis in England, UK: a national, population-based, modelling study. Lancet Oncol 2020; 21 (08) 1023-1034
  • 25 Gheorghe A, Maringe C, Spice J. et al. Economic impact of avoidable cancer deaths caused by diagnostic delay during the COVID-19 pandemic: a national population-based modelling study in England, UK. Eur J Cancer 2021; 152: 233-242
  • 26 Rutter MD, Brookes M, Lee TJ, Rogers P, Sharp L. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on UK endoscopic activity and cancer detection: a National Endoscopy Database Analysis. Gut 2021; 70 (03) 537-543
  • 27 Sud A, Torr B, Jones ME. et al. Effect of delays in the 2-week-wait cancer referral pathway during the COVID-19 pandemic on cancer survival in the UK: a modelling study. Lancet Oncol 2020; 21 (08) 1035-1044
  • 28 Degeling K, Baxter NN, Emery J. et al. An inverse stage-shift model to estimate the excess mortality and health economic impact of delayed access to cancer services due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol 2021; 17 (04) 359-367
  • 29 Heimfarth L, Serafini MR, Martins-Filho PR, Quintans JSS, Quintans-Júnior LJ. Drug repurposing and cytokine management in response to COVID-19: a review. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 88: 106947
  • 30 Xiong J, Lipsitz O, Nasri F. et al. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health in the general population: a systematic review. J Affect Disord 2020; 277: 55-64
  • 31 Gatellier L, Shankar A, Dewi LKM. et al. The impact of COVID-19 on cancer care in the post pandemic world: five major lessons learnt from challenges and countermeasures of major Asian cancer centres. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2021; 22 (03) 681-690
  • 32 A clinical case definition of post COVID-19 condition by a Delphi consensus, 6 October 2021. World Health Organization. Accessed November 11, 2021 at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-2019-nCoV-Post_COVID-19_condition-Clinical_case_definition-2021.1
  • 33 Pinato DJ, Tabernero J, Bower M. et al; OnCovid study group. Prevalence and impact of COVID-19 sequelae on treatment and survival of patients with cancer who recovered from SARS-CoV-2 infection: evidence from the OnCovid retrospective, multicentre registry study. Lancet Oncol 2021; 22 (12) 1669-1680
  • 34 British Thoracic Society Guidance on Respiratory Follow Up of Patients with a Clinico-Radiological Diagnosis of COVID-19 Pneumonia. British Thoracic Society V1.2 May 11, 2020, last updated April 16, 2021. Accessed November 11, 2021 at: https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/document-library/quality-improvement/covid-19/resp-follow-up-guidance-post-covid-pneumonia/
  • 35 Nalbandian A, Sehgal K, Gupta A. et al. Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. Nat Med 2021; 27 (04) 601-615
  • 36 Bui N, Coetzer M, Schenning KJ, O'Glasser AY. Preparing previously COVID-19-positive patients for elective surgery: a framework for preoperative evaluation. Perioper Med (Lond) 2021; 10 (01) 1
  • 37 ASA and APSF Joint Statement on Elective Surgery and Anesthesia for Patients after COVID-19 Infection. American Society of Anesthesiologists, December 8, 2020. Accessed November 11, 2021 at: https://www.asahq.org/about-asa/newsroom/news-releases/2020/12/asa-and-apsf-joint-statement-on-elective-surgery-and-anesthesia-for-patients-after-covid-19-infection
  • 38 Singh AK, Singh R, Joshi SR, Misra A. Mucormycosis in COVID-19: a systematic review of cases reported worldwide and in India. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2021; 15 (04) 102146
  • 39 Maina M, Tosas-Auguet O, English M, Schultsz C, McKnight J. COVID-19: an opportunity to improve infection prevention and control in LMICs. Lancet Glob Health 2020; 8 (10) e1261
  • 40 Desai A, Mohammed TJ, Duma N. et al. COVID-19 and cancer: a review of the registry-based pandemic response. JAMA Oncol 2021; 7 (12) 1882-1890
  • 41 McDermott MM, Newman AB. Remote research and clinical trial integrity during and after the coronavirus pandemic. JAMA 2021; 325 (19) 1935-1936
  • 42 The RECOVERY trial. UK Research and Innovation. Accessed November 11, 2021 at: https://www.ukri.org/our-work/tackling-the-impact-of-covid-19/vaccines-and-treatments/recovery-trial-identifies-covid-19-treatments/
  • 43 Pan H, Peto R, Henao-Restrepo AM. et al; WHO Solidarity Trial Consortium. Repurposed antiviral drugs for covid-19 - interim WHO Solidarity Trial results. N Engl J Med 2021; 384 (06) 497-511
  • 44 Papapanou M, Routsi E, Tsamakis K. et al. Medical education challenges and innovations during COVID-19 pandemic. Postgrad Med J 2021:postgradmedj-2021–140032