Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2016; 141(21): 1543-1548
DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-108694
Dossier
Elektrolytstörungen
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Hyponatriämie

Ursachen, Diagnostik, DifferenzialdiagnostikCauses, diagnosis and differential diagnosis of hyponatremia
Peter Gross
1   Medizinische Klinik III, Universitätsklinikum C.G. Carus der TU Dresden
,
Thomas Pusl
2   1. Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum Augsburg
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
28 September 2016 (online)

Zusammenfassung

Hyponatriämien sind häufige ubiquitäre Elektrolytstörungen, die auf pathologische Veränderungen des Wasserhaushaltes zurückzuführen sind. Bei akuten fortgeschrittenen Hyponatriämien kommt es oft zu schweren Symptomen, chronische leichte Hyponatriämien sind weniger folgenschwer. Die Therapie richtet sich nach der Ausprägung der Symptome, der Ätiologie und der Zuordnung der Hyponatriämie zu einem Zustand des extrazellulären Volumens (ECV). In der Differenzialdiagnose hilft zunächst eine Unterscheidung zwischen euvolämer, hypervolämer und hypovolämer Hyponatriämie. Für die Unterscheidung dieser drei Zustände wird empfohlen, die Natriumkonzentration im Spontanurin sowie einschlägige Hinweise aus Anamnese und körperlichem Befund zugrunde zu legen. Danach muss man innerhalb des jeweiligen hyponatriämischen Zustandes die dort vorkommenden Ätiologien zur Diagnosestellung unterscheiden. Schwierigkeiten treten bei den häufig gemischten Hyponatriämien auf. In diesem Fall sollte die führende Ätiologie festgelegt werden. Problematisch ist die Diagnosestellung auch bei gleichzeitiger Gabe von Diuretika. Hier bewertet man anstelle des Urinnatriums besser die fraktionelle Harnsäureausscheidung.

Abstract

Hyponatremia is a common electrolyte disorder that arises from disturbances in water metabolism. In cases of acute advanced hyponatremia, serious symptoms are predominant, while chronic mild hyponatremia causes minor symptoms such as slowness, depression or unsteadiness of gait. Any therapy of hyponatremia depends on the severity of its symptoms and on its specific etiology and diagnosis. Concerning the differential diagnosis of the type of hyponatremia, it is initially helpful to distinguish between euvolemic, hypervolemic and hypovolemic forms of hyponatremia. In order to distinguish between these 3 types of hyponatremia, it is best to assess the spontaneous urinary sodium concentration and to consider evidence from the medical history and the physical examination. Once the type of hyponatremia has been diagnosed, the next step is to decide which of the known etiologies of hyponatremia applies. Diagnostic problems may arise in mixed hyponatremia, a condition in which different types and etiologies of hyponatremia occur at the same time. In such cases it may be best to determine what appears to be the leading diagnosis. Another kind of diagnostic difficulty often occurs in simultaneous diuretic use. It may help to distinguish to which extracellular volume the types of hyponatremia relate on the basis of the fractional excretion of uric acid rather than on the urinary sodium concentration.

 
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