PDF herunterladen
CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · Journal of Coloproctology 2022; 42(01): 085-098
DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1742258
Review Article

Therapeutics in Radiation-induced Proctopathy: A Systematic Review

Nathália Nascentes Coelho dos Santos Omer 
1   Postgraduate Department in Sciences Applied to Surgery and Ophthalmology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Minas Gerais, Brazil
,
Ivana Duval de Araujo
2   Doctor and Associate Professor IV, Department of Surgery, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
,
Geraldo Magela Gomes da Cruz
3   Coloproctologist in charge, Sociedade Brasileira de Coloproctologia, Brazil
,
Fábio Gontijo Rodrigues
3   Coloproctologist in charge, Sociedade Brasileira de Coloproctologia, Brazil
› Institutsangaben
› Weitere Informationen
Auch verfügbar auf
   Lizenzen und Reprints

Abstract

Malignant neoplasms are increasingly prevalent in the daily clinical practice. Up to 61% of patients with pelvic malignancies undergo pelvic radiotherapy in different doses, which may cause intestinal damage, and the rectum is the segment most frequently affected due to its fixed position in the pelvis. Currently, there are several strategies to minimize the effects of radiation on the tissues surrounding the neoplastic site; despite those strategies, radiotherapy can still result in serious damage to organs and structures, and these injuries accompany patients throughout their lives. One of the most common damages resulting from pelvic radiotherapy is acute proctitis.The diagnosis is confirmed by visualizing the rectal mucosa through rigid or flexible rectosigmoidoscopy and colonoscopy. The objective of the present study was to review the forms of radiation-induced proctopathytherapy, and to evaluate the results of each method to propose a standardization for the treatment of this pathology. Despite the prevalence of radiation-induced proctopathy, there is no definitive standardized treatment strategy so far. The first approach can be tried with local agents, such as mesalazine and formalin. For refractory cases, control can usually be achieved with argon plasma coagulation, hyperbaric oxygen, and radiofrequency ablation therapies. Regarding the study of radiation-induced proctopathy, there is a lack of robust studies with large samples and standardized therapies to be compared. There is a lack of double-blinded, randomized controlled studies to determine a definitive standard treatment algorithm.

Keywords

actinic - proctitis - radiation proctopathy - induced radiation


Publikationsverlauf

Eingereicht: 03. August 2021

Angenommen: 25. Oktober 2021

Artikel online veröffentlicht:
07. März 2022

© 2022. Sociedade Brasileira de Coloproctologia. This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commecial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Thieme Revinter Publicações Ltda.
Rua do Matoso 170, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 20270-135, Brazil

 

  • References

  • 1 MS / INCA / Estimativa de Câncer no Brasil. 2020
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Vanneste BGL, Van De Voorde L, de Ridder RJ, Van Limbergen EJ, Lambin P, van Lin EN. Chronic radiation proctitis: tricks to prevent and treat. Int J Colorectal Dis 2015; 30 (10) 1293-1303
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Tsujinaka S, Baig MK, Gornev R. et al. Formalin instillation for hemorrhagic radiation proctitis. Surg Innov 2005; 12 (02) 123-128
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Saclarides TJ, King DG, Franklin JL, Doolas A. Formalin Instillation for Refractory Hemorrhagic Proctitis Report of 16 Patients. Dis Colon Rectum 1996; 39 (02) 196-199
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Grodsky MB, Sidani SM. Radiation proctopathy. Clin Colon Rectal Surg 2015; 28 (02) 103-111
    Artikel in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Ali F, Hu KY. Evaluation and Management of Chronic Radiation Proctitis. Dis Colon Rectum 2020; 63 (03) 285-287
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Leiper K, Morris AI. L LKMA. Treatment of radiation proctitis. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2007; 19 (09) 724-729
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Wu XR, Liu XL, Katz S, Shen B. Pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management of ulcerative proctitis, chronic radiation proctopathy, and diversion proctitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2015; 21 (03) 703-715
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Ma TH, Yuan ZX, Zhong QH. et al. Formalin irrigation for hemorrhagic chronic radiation proctitis. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21 (12) 3593-3598
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Rustagi T, Mashimo H. Endoscopic management of chronic radiation proctitis. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17 (41) 4554-4562
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Hortelano E, Gómez-Iturriaga A, Ortiz-de-Zárate R. et al. Is argon plasma coagulation an effective and safe treatment option for patients with chronic radiation proctitis after high doses of radiotherapy?. Rev Esp Enferm Dig 2014; 106 (03) 165-170
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Mendenhall WM, McKibben BT, Hoppe BS, Nichols RC, Henderson RH, Mendenhall NP. Management of radiation proctitis. Am J Clin Oncol 2014; 37 (05) 517-523
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Raman RR. Two percent formalin retention enemas for hemorrhagic radiation proctitis: a preliminary report. Dis Colon Rectum 2007; 50 (07) 1032-1039
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Price JG, Stone NN, Stock RG. Predictive factors and management of rectal bleeding side effects following prostate cancer brachytherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2013; 86 (05) 842-847 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2013.04.033.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Korkut C, Asoglu O, Aksoy M. et al. Histopathological comparison of topical therapy modalities for acute radiation proctitis in an experimental rat model. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12 (30) 4879-4883
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Biswal BM, Lal P, Rath GK, Shukla NK, Mohanti BK, Deo S. Intrarectal formalin application, an effective treatment for grade III haemorrhagic radiation proctitis. Radiother Oncol 1995; 35 (03) 212-215
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Chautems RC, Delgadillo X, Rubbia-Brandt L, Deleaval JP, Marti MC, Roche B. Formaldehyde application for haemorrhagic radiation-induced proctitis: a clinical and histological study. Colorectal Dis 2003; 5 (01) 24-28
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Sharma B, Gupta M, Sharma R. et al. Four percent formalin application for the management of radiation proctitis in carcinoma cervix patients: An effective, safe, and economical practice. J Cancer Res Ther 2019; 15 (01) 92-95
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Karamanolis G, Triantafyllou K, Tsiamoulos Z. et al. Argon plasma coagulation has a long-lasting therapeutic effect in patients with chronic radiation proctitis. Endoscopy 2009; 41 (06) 529-531
    Artikel in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Denton AS, Andreyev HJN, Forbes A, Maher EJ. Systematic review for non-surgical interventions for the management of late radiation proctitis. Br J Cancer 2002; 87 (02) 134-143
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Takemoto S, Shibamoto Y, Ayakawa S, Nagai A, Hayashi A, Ogino H, Baba F, Yanagi T, Sugie C, Kataoka H, Mimura M. Treatment and prognosis of patients with late rectal bleeding after intensity-modulated radiation therapy for prostate cancer. Radiat Oncol 2012 Jun 12(07):87. Doi: 10.1186/1748-717X-7-87. PMID: 22691293; PMCID: PMC3403958
    Google Scholar
  • 22 Stojcev Z, Krokowicz Ł, Krokowicz P. et al. Early treatment and prevention of the radiation proctitis–composite enemas containing sodium butyrate. Int J Colorectal Dis 2013; 28 (12) 1731-1732
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Lee SI, Park YA, Sohn SK. Formalin application for the treatment of radiation-induced hemorrhagic proctitis. Yonsei Med J 2007; 48 (01) 97-100
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Sarin A, Safar B. Management of radiation proctitis. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2013; 42 (04) 913-925 DOI: 10.1016/j.gtc.2013.08.004.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Dray X, Battaglia G, Wengrower D. et al. Radiofrequency ablation for the treatment of radiation proctitis. Endoscopy 2014; 46 (11) 970-976
    Artikel in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Indaram AVK, Visvalingam V, Locke M, Bank S. Mucosal cytokine production in radiation-induced proctosigmoiditis compared with inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2000; 95 (05) 1221-1225
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Clarke RE, Tenorio LMC, Hussey JR. et al. Hyperbaric oxygen treatment of chronic refractory radiation proctitis: a randomized and controlled double-blind crossover trial with long-term follow-up. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2008; 72 (01) 134-143
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Seo EH, Kim TO, Kim TG. et al. The efficacy of the combination therapy with oral and topical mesalazine for patients with the first episode of radiation proctitis. Dig Dis Sci 2011; 56 (09) 2672-2677
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Ito H, Iida M, Matsumoto T. et al. Direct comparison of two different mesalamine formulations for the induction of remission in patients with ulcerative colitis: a double-blind, randomized study. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2010; 16 (09) 1567-1574
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Baum CA, Biddle WL, Miner Jr PB. Failure of 5-aminosalicylic acid enemas to improve chronic radiation proctitis. Dig Dis Sci 1989; 34 (05) 758-760
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Wu C, Guan L, Yao L, Huang J. Mesalazine suppository for the treatment of refractory ulcerative chronic radiation proctitis. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16 (03) 2319-2324
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Watanabe M, Nishino H, Sameshima Y, Ota A, Nakamura S, Hibi T. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics Randomised clinical trial: evaluation of the ef fi cacy of mesalazine (mesalamine) suppositories in patients with ulcerative colitis and active rectal in flammation – a placebo- controlled study. 2013: 264-273
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Sanguineti G, Franzone P, Marcenaro M, Foppiano F, Vitale V. Sucralfate versus mesalazine versus hydrocortisone in the prevention of acute radiation proctitis during conformal radiotherapy for prostate carcinoma. A randomized study. Strahlenther Onkol 2003; 179 (07) 464-470
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Jahraus CD, Bettenhausen D, Malik U, Sellitti M, St Clair WH, Lair WIHSTC. Prevention of acute radiation-induced proctosigmoiditis by balsalazide: a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial in prostate cancer patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2005 Dec 1;63(05):1483–7. Doi: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2005.04.032. Epub 2005 Aug 15. PMID: 16099600
    Google Scholar
  • 35 Kruis W, Neshta V, Pesegova M. et al. Budesonide Suppositories Are Effective and Safe for Treating Acute Ulcerative Proctitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 17 (01) 98-106.e4 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2018.04.027. [Internet]
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Sandborn WJ, Bosworth B, Zakko S. et al. Budesonide foam induces remission in patients with mild to moderate ulcerative proctitis and ulcerative proctosigmoiditis. Gastroenterology 2015; 148 (04) 740-750.e2 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.01.037. [Internet]
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Nunes VRT. Avaliação da mesalazina incorporada a polímero biodegradável no tratamento da retite actínica em ratos por meio de modelo alternativo de irradiação gama. J Coloproc 2018
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Bansal N. et al. Exploring the management of radiation proctitis in current clinical practice. Journal of clinical and diagnostic research: JCDR 2016; 10 (06) XE01
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Brown RB. A method of management of inoperable carcinoma of the bladder. Med J Aust 1969; 1 (01) 23-24
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Seow-Choen F, Goh HS, Eu KW, Ho YH, Tay SK. A simple and effective treatment for hemorrhagic radiation proctitis using formalin. Dis Colon Rectum 1993; 36 (02) 135-138
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Cullen SN, Frenz M, Mee A. Treatment of haemorrhagic radiation-induced proctopathy using small volume topical formalin instillation. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2006; 23 (11) 1575-1579
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 De Robles MS, Young CJ. Rubber Band Ligation of Hemorrhoids is often a Necessary Complement in the Management of Hemorrhagic Radiation Proctitis. Scand J Surg 2020 Jun;109(2):108–114. Doi: 10.1177/1457496918822619. Epub 2019 Jan 11. PMID: 30632450
    Google Scholar
  • 43 Stern DR, Steinhagen RM. Anorectal cancer following topical formalin application for haemorrhagic radiation proctitis. Colorectal Dis 2007; 9 (03) 275-278
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Ng KS, Holzgang M, Young C. Still a Case of “No Pain, No Gain”? An Updated and Critical Review of the Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Management Options for Hemorrhoids in 2020. Ann Coloproctol 2020; 36 (03) 133-147
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 45 Pita I, Bastos P, Dinis-Ribeiro M. Pelvic Catastrophe after Elastic Band Ligation in an Irradiated Rectum. GE Port J Gastroenterol 2018; 25 (01) 42-46
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 46 Girnius S, Cersonsky N, Gesell L, Cico S, Barrett W. Treatment of refractory radiation-induced hemorrhagic proctitis with hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Am J Clin Oncol 2006; 29 (06) 588-592
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 47 Hoggan BL, Cameron AL. Systematic review of hyperbaric oxygen therapy for the treatment of non-neurological soft tissue radiation-related injuries. Support Care Cancer 2014; 22 (06) 1715-1726
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 48 Bhutani S, Vishwanath G. Hyperbaric oxygen and wound healing. Indian J Plast Surg 2012; 45 (02) 316-324
    Artikel in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 49 Mathai V, Seow-Choen F. Endoluminal formalin therapy for haemorrhagic radiation proctitis. British Journal of Surgery 1995; 82 (02) 190 https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.1800820216
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 50 Roche B, Chautems R, Marti M. Application of Formaldehyde for Treatment of Hemorrhagic Radiation-Induced Proctitis. World J Surg 1996; 20: 1092-1095 https://doi.org/10.1007/s002689900166
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 51 Counter SF, Froese DP, Hart MJ. Prospective evaluation of formalin therapy for radiation proctitis. The American Journal of Surgery 1999; 177 (05) 396-398 ISSN 0002-9610, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9610(99)00072-0
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 52 Ismail MA, Qureshi MA. Formalin dab for haemorrhagic radiation proctitis. Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England 2002; 84 (04) 263
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 53 Luna-Pérez P, Rodríguez-Ramírez SE. Formalin instillation for refractory radiation-induced hemorrhagic proctitis. J Surg Oncol 2002 May;80(01):41–4. Doi: 10.1002/jso.10095. PMID: 11967906
    Google Scholar
  • 54 Parikh S, Hughes C, Salvati EP, Eisenstat T, Oliver G, Chinn B, Notaro J. Treatment of hemorrhagic radiation proctitis with 4 percent formalin. Dis Colon Rectum 2003 May;46(05):596–600. Doi: 10.1007/s10350-004-6614-1. PMID: 12792434
    Google Scholar
  • 55 Tsujinaka S, Baig MK, Gornev R, De la Garza C, Hwang JK, Sands D, Wexner SD. Formalin instillation for hemorrhagic radiation proctitis. Surgical innovation 2005; 12 (02) 123-128
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 56 de Parades V. et al. Formalin application in the treatment of chronic radiation-induced hemorrhagic proctitis — an effective but not risk-free procedure: a prospective study of 33 patients. Diseases of the Colon & Rectum 2005; 48 (08) 1535-1541
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 57 Eriksen PL, Tougaard RS, T∅ttrup A. Clinical and proctoscopic evaluation of topical formalin application in the treatment of chronic radiation proctitis. Scandinavian Journal of Surgery 2013; 102 (02) 96-100
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 58 Pironi D. et al. Chronic radiation-induced proctitis: the 4% formalin application as non-surgical treatment. International Journal of Colorectal Disease 2013; 28 (02) 261-266
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 59 Dziki Ł. et al. Formalin therapy for hemorrhagic radiation proctitis. Pharmacological Reports 2015; 67 (05) 896-900
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 60 Sharma B. et al. Four percent formalin application for the management of radiation proctitis in carcinoma cervix patients: An effective, safe, and economical practice.. Journal of Cancer Research and Therapeutics 2019; 15 (01) 92
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 61 Tabaja L, Sidani SM. Management of Radiation Proctitis. Dig Dis Sci 2018; 63 (09) 2180-2188 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-018-5163-8. [Internet]
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 62 Zhou C, Adler DC, Becker L. et al. Effective treatment of chronic radiation proctitis using radiofrequency ablation. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2009; 2 (03) 149-156
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 63 McCarty TR, Garg R, Rustagi T. Efficacy and safety of radiofrequency ablation for treatment of chronic radiation proctitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 34 (09) 1479-1485
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 64 Markos P, Bilic B, Ivekovic H, Rustemovic N. Radiofrequency ablation for gastric antral vascular ectasia and radiation proctitis. Indian J Gastroenterol 2017; 36 (02) 145-148
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 65 Rosenfeld Greg, Enns Robert. Argon photocoagulation in the treatment of gastric antral vascular ectasia and radiation proctitis. Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology 2009; 23 (12) 801-804
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 66 Sakai E, Takahashi H, Inamori M, Endo H, Akiyama T, Akimoto K, Mawatari H, Nozaki Y, Fujita K, Yoneda M, Goto A, Abe Y, Kobayashi N, Kubota K, Ueno N, Nakajima A. Utility of endoscopic argon plasma coagulation in the treatment of radiation proctitis. Digestion 2007; 75 (04) 180 DOI: 10.1159/000106976. Epub 2007 Aug 8. PMID: 17687188
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 67 O’Connor. John J. Argon laser treatment of radiation proctitis. Archives of Surgery 1989; 124 (06) 749-749
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 68 Taïeb S, Rolachon A, Cenni JC. et al. Effective use of argon plasma coagulation in the treatment of severe radiation proctitis. Dis Colon Rectum 2001; 44 (12) 1766-1771
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 69 Tjandra JJ, Sengupta S. Argon plasma coagulation is an effective treatment for refractory hemorrhagic radiation proctitis. Dis Colon Rectum 2001; 44 (12) 1759-1765 , discussion 1771
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 70 Sebastian S, O'Connor H, O'Morain C, Buckley M. Argon plasma coagulation as first-line treatment for chronic radiation proctopathy. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004; 19 (10) 1169-1173
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 71 Swan MP, Moore GTC, Sievert W, Devonshire DA. Efficacy and safety of single-session argon plasma coagulation in the management of chronic radiation proctitis. Gastrointest Endosc 2010; 72 (01) 150-154 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2010.01.065.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 72 Tam W, Moore J, Schoeman M. Treatment of Radiation Proctitis with Argon Plasma Coagulation. Endoscopy 2000; 32 (09) 667-672
    Artikel in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 73 Lam MCW, Parliament M, Wong CKW. Argon plasma coagulation for the treatment of hemorrhagic radiation colitis. Case Rep Gastroenterol 2012; 6 (02) 446-451
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 74 Silva RA, Correia AJ, Dias LM, Viana HL, Viana RL. Argon plasma coagulation therapy for hemorrhagic radiation proctosigmoiditis. Gastrointest Endosc 1999; 50 (02) 221-224
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 75 Smith S, Wallner K, Dominitz JA. et al. Argon plasma coagulation for rectal bleeding after prostate brachytherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2001; 51 (03) 636-642
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 76 Taylor JG, DiSario JA, Buchi KN. Argon laser therapy for hemorrhagic radiation proctitis: long-term results. Gastrointest Endosc 1993; 39 (05) 641-644
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 77 Sultania S, Sarkar R, Das K, Dhali GK. Argon plasma coagulation is an effective treatment for chronic radiation proctitis in gynaecological malignancy: an observational study. Colorectal Dis 2019; 21 (04) 465-471
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 78 Ben Soussan E, Mathieu N, Roque I, Antonietti M. Bowel explosion with colonic perforation during argon plasma coagulation for hemorrhagic radiation-induced proctitis. Gastrointest Endosc 2003; 57 (03) 412-413
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 79 Lam MC, Parliament M, Wong CK. Argon plasma coagulation for the treatment of hemorrhagic radiation colitis. Case Rep Gastroenterol 2012; 6 (02) 446-451 DOI: 10.1159/000339462.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 80 Lenz L, Tafarel J, Correia L. et al. The incidence of bacteraemia after argon plasma coagulation in patients with chronic radiation proctocolitis. Colorectal Dis 2011; 13 (07) 823-825
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 81 Postgate A, Saunders B, Tjandra J, Vargo J. Argon plasma coagulation in chronic radiation proctitis. Endoscopy 2007; 39: 361-365
    Artikel in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 82 Parejo S, Vázquez-Sequeiros E. Argon gas in the management of radiation proctitis–effective and safe for everyone?. Rev Esp Enferm Dig 2014; 106 (03) 155-158
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 83 Cunha TR, Colaiacovo W, Oliveira CZ, Almodova EC, Fava G, Guimarães DP. Comparison between two different parameters of argon plasma coagulation in the treatment of chronic radiation proctopathy. Int J Colorectal Dis 2016; 31 (09) 1657-1658 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-016-2594-6. [Internet]
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 84 Tormo V, Wikman Jorgensen P, García del Castillo G, Ruiz F, Martínez Egea A. Effectiveness of argon plasma coagulation in the treatment of chronic actinic proc. Rev Esp Enferm Dig 2009; 101 (02) 91-93 , 94–96
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 85 Buchi KN, Dixon JA. Argon laser treatment of hemorrhagic radiation proctitis. Gastrointest Endosc 1987; 33 (01) 27-30 DOI: 10.1016/S0016-5107(87)71481-3. [Internet]
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 86 Dees J, Meijssen MAC, Kuipers EJ. Argon plasma coagulation for radiation proctitis. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl 2006; 32 (243) 175-178
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 87 Fantin AC, Binek J, Suter WR, Meyenberger C. Argon beam coagulation for treatment of symptomatic radiation-induced proctitis. Gastrointest Endosc 1999 Apr;49(4 Pt 1):515–8. Doi: 10.1016/s0016-5107(99)70054-4. PMID: 10202070
    Google Scholar
  • 88 Chruscielewska-Kiliszek J, Regula J, Polkowski M, Rupinski M, Kraszewska E, Pachlewski J, Czaczkowska-Kurek E, Butruk E. Sucralfate or placebo following argon plasma coagulation for chronic radiation proctitis: a randomized double blind trial. Colorectal Dis 2013 Jan;15(1):e48–55. Doi: 10.1111/codi.12035. PMID: 23006660
    Google Scholar
  • 89 Koessler T, Servois V, Mariani P, Aubert E, Cacheux W. Rectal ulcer: Due to ketoprofen, argon plasma coagulation and prostatic brachytherapy. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20 (45) 17244-17246
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 90 Hanson B, MacDonald R, Shaukat A. Endoscopic and medical therapy for chronic radiation proctopathy: a systematic review. Dis Colon Rectum 2012; 55 (10) 1081-1095
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 91 Kaassis M, Oberti E, Burtin P, Boyer J. Argon plasma coagulation for the treatment of hemorrhagic radiation proctitis. Endoscopy 2000; 32 (09) 673-676
    Artikel in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 92 Mello FSFFGBOAT. Eficácia da formalina comparada à coagulação por plasma de argônio no tratamento da retite actínica hemorrágica – Ensaio clínico controlado. 2019
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 93 Postgate A, Saunders B, Tjandra J, Vargo J. Argon plasma coagulation in chronic radiation proctitis. Endoscopy 2007; 39 (04) 361-365
    Artikel in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 94 Venkatesh KS, Ramanujam P. Endoscopic therapy for radiation proctitis-induced hemorrhage in patients with prostatic carcinoma using argon plasma coagulator application. Surg Endosc 2002; 16 (04) 707-710
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 95 Sudha SP, Kadambari D. Efficacy and safety of argon plasma coagulation in the management of extensive chronic radiation proctitis after pelvic radiotherapy for cervical carcinoma. Int J Colorectal Dis 2017; 32 (09) 1285-1288
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 96 Sahakitrungruang C, Patiwongpaisarn A, Kanjanasilp P, Malakorn S, Atittharnsakul P. A randomized controlled trial comparing colonic irrigation and oral antibiotics administration versus 4% formalin application for treatment of hemorrhagic radiation proctitis. Dis Colon Rectum 2012; 55 (10) 1053-1058
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 97 Tjandra JJ, Shomik S. Argon plasma coagulation is an effective treatment for refractory hemorrhagic radiation proctitis. Diseases of the Colon & Rectum 2001; 44 (12) 1759-1765
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 98 Sebastian S. et al. Argon plasma coagulation as first-line treatment for chronic radiation proctopathy. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2004; 19 (10) 1169-1173
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 99 Siow SL, Mahendran HA, Seo CJ. Complication and remission rates after endoscopic argon plasma coagulation in the treatment of haemorrhagic radiation proctitis. International Journal of Colorectal Disease 2017; 32 (01) 131-134
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 100 de Oca Megias EM. et al. Short and long term response to argon plasma therapy for hemorrhagic radiation proctitis. Revista Espanola de Enfermadades Digestivas (REED) 2019; 111 (11) 852-858
    Google Scholar
  • 101 Kennedy GD, Heise CP. CP KGH. Radiation colitis and proctitis. Clin Colon Rectal Surg 2007; 20 (01) 64-72
    Artikel in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 102 Nelamangala Ramakrishnaiah VP. et al. Formalin dab, the effective way of treating haemorrhagic radiation proctitis: a randomized trial from a tertiary care hospital in South India. Colorectal Disease 2012; 14 (07) 876-882
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar