Download PDF
CC BY 4.0 · Eur J Dent 2022; 16(04): 938-946
DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1742125
Original Article

Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activity of Cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmanii) Extract on Periodontal Pathogens—An in vitro study

Caesary Cloudya Panjaitan 
1   Department of Public Health and Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Trisakti University, Jakarta, Indonesia
,
Armelia Sari Widyarman 
2   Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Trisakti University, Jakarta, Indonesia
,
Rahmi Amtha 
3   Oral Medicine Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Trisakti University, Jakarta, Indonesia
,
Tri Erri Astoeti 
4   Department of Public Health and Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Trisakti University, Jakarta, Indonesia
› Author Affiliations
› Further Information
   Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

Objective The aim of this study was to analyze the antibiofilm effectiveness of cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmanii) ethanol extract against Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans in vitro.

Material and Methods Phytochemical tests were done to identify the cinnamon extract active substances. Furthermore, a crystal violet biofilm assay was used to analyze biofilm detachment after treatment with different concentrations (15, 10, 7.5, 5, and 2.5%) of cinnamon. Biofilm turbidity was measured at 595-nm wavelength using a microplate reader. Additionally, MTT assay was done to analyze the toxicity level of cinnamon extract on fibroblast cells.

Statistical Analysis The obtained data were analyzed for normality using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. The differences between each group were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance statistical test, with a significance level of p <0.05.

Results The results showed that the ethanol extract of cinnamon contains active compounds of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, quinones, and terpenoids. MTT result showed the cinnamon extract to be nontoxic. The biofilm assay results showed that all cinnamon concentrations exhibited an antibiofilm effect against P. gingivalis and A. actinomycetemcomitans in all incubation time compared with a negative control (p <0.05).

Conclusions Cinnamon extracts were effective in inhibiting biofilm of periodontal pathogens. Cinnamon extract might be useful as an alternative therapy for periodontal diseases. Future studies are still needed to confirm this result in vivo to analyze the efficacy of this extract as mouthwash.

Keywords

cinnamon - biofilm - toxicity - Porphyromonas gingivalis - Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans


Publication History

Article published online:
18 April 2022

© 2022. The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, permitting unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction so long as the original work is properly cited. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

Thieme Medical and Scientific Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
A-12, 2nd Floor, Sector 2, Noida-201301 UP, India

 

  • References

  • 1 Sanz M, D'Aiuto F, Deanfield J, Fernandez-Avilés F. European workshop in periodontal health and cardiovascular disease-scientific evidence on the association between periodontal and cardiovascular disease: a review of the literature. Eur Heart J Suppl 2010; 12 (suppl B): 9
    Google Scholar
  • 2 Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia. National Basic Health Research 2013. Jakarta: Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia; 2014
    Google Scholar
  • 3 Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia. Report on National Basic Health Research 2018. Jakarta: Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia; 2019
    Google Scholar
  • 4 Newman M, Takei H, Klokkevold P, Carranza F. Newman and Carranza's Clinical Periodontology. California: Elsevier; 2018. May 29
    Google Scholar
  • 5 Segura VAI, Ilyina A, Ceniceros SEP, Belmares SY, González ML. Etiology and microbiology of periodontal diseases: a review. Afr J Microbiol Res 2015; 9: 2300-2306
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Mahalakshmi K, Krishnan P, Chandrasekaran SC, Panishankar KH, Subashini N. Prevalence of periodontopathic bacteria in the subgingival plaque of a South Indian population with periodontitis. J Clin Diagn Res 2012; 6: 747-752
    Google Scholar
  • 7 Society of Periodontology, Chinese Stomatological Association. [Standard of periodontal examination and evaluation during oral diagnosis and treatment]. Zhonghua Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi 2021; 56 (03) 238-243
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Chandki R, Banthia P, Banthia R. Biofilms: a microbial home. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2011; 15 (02) 111-114
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Koo AN, Min KH, Lee HJ. et al. Tumor accumulation and antitumor efficacy of docetaxel-loaded core-shell-corona micelles with shell-specific redox-responsive cross-links. Biomaterials 2012; 33 (05) 1489-1499
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Sajjan P, Laxminarayan N, Kar PP, Sajnan M. Chlorhexidine as an antimicrobial agent in dentistry–a review. Oral Health Dent Manag 2016; 15: 93-100
    Google Scholar
  • 11 Liu JX, Werner J, Kirsch T, Zuckerman JD, Virk MS. Cytotoxicity evaluation of chlorhexidine gluconate on human fibroblasts, myoblasts, and osteoblasts. J Bone Jt Infect 2018; 3 (04) 165-172
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Haryudin W, Rostiana O. Karakteristik morfologi bunga kencur (Kaempferia galanga L.). Bul Penelit Tanaman Rempah Obat. 2016; 19: 109-116
    Google Scholar
  • 13 Ping H, Zhang G, Ren G. Antidiabetic effects of cinnamon oil in diabetic KK-Ay mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 48 (8-9): 2344-2349
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Palombo EA. Traditional medicinal plant extracts and natural products with activity against oral bacteria: potential application in the prevention and treatment of oral diseases. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2011; 2011: 680354
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Gupta L, Jain R, Vaszkun G. Survey of important issues in UAV communication networks. IEEE Comm Surv and Tutor 2016; 18: 1123-1152
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Firmino DF, Cavalcante TTA, Gomes GA. et al. Antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of Cinnamomum sp. essential oil and cinnamaldehyde: antimicrobial activities. Scientific World J 2018; 2018: 7405736
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Zhang Y, Liu X, Wang Y, Jiang P, Quek SY. Antibacterial activity and mechanism of cinnamon essential oil against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus . Food Control 2016; 59: 282-289
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Bescos R, Ashworth A, Cutler C. et al. Effects of chlorhexidine mouthwash on the oral microbiome. Sci Rep 2020; 10 (01) 5254
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Malhotra S, Yeltiwar RK. Evaluation of two mouth rinses in reduction of oral malodor using a spectrophotometric technique. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2011; 15 (03) 250-254
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Wille J, Coenye T. Biofilm dispersion: the key to biofilm eradication or opening Pandora's box?. Biofilm 2020; 2: 100027
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Ejikeme C, Ezeonu CS, Eboatu AN. Determination of physical and phytochemical constituents of some tropical timbers indigenous to Niger delta area of Nigeria. Eur Sci J 2014; 10 (18) 247-270
    Google Scholar
  • 22 Usman H, Abdulrahman F, Usman A. Qualitative phytochemical screening and in vitro antimicrobial effects of methanol stem bark extract of Ficus thonningii (Moraceae). Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med 2009; 6 (03) 289-295
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Krvavych AS, Konechna RT, Petrina RO. et al. Phytochemical research of plant extracts and uses in vitro culture in order to preserve rare wild species Gladiolus imbricatus . Res J Pharm Biol Chem Sci 2014; 243: 0975-8585
    Google Scholar
  • 24 Kusriani H, Marliani L, Apriliani E. Aktivitas antioksidan dan tabir surya dari tongkol dan rambut jagung (Zea mays L.). Indonesian J Pharmacol Sci Technol 2017; 4: 10-17
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Wikanta T, Januar HI, Nursid M. Uji aktivitas antioksidan, toksisitas, dan sitotoksisitas ekstrak alga merah Rhodymenia palmata . J Penelit Perikanan Indones 2017; 11: 41-49
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Widyarman AS, Theodorea CF. Novel indigenous probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri strain produces anti-biofilm reuterin against pathogenic periodontal bacteria. Eur J Dent 2021; DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1731591.
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Gunasekaran S, Vinot KT, Lakshamana SS, Suganya P, Rincy Y, Amrutha C. Screening of in vitro cytotoxic activity of brown seaweeds against hepatocellular carcinoma. J Appl Pharm Sci 2017; 7: 51-55
    Google Scholar
  • 28 Mohammadi Nejad S, Özgüneş H, Başaran N. Pharmacological and toxicological properties of eugenol. Turk J Pharm Sci 2017; 14 (02) 201-206
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Konjhodzic-Prcic A, Jakupovic S, Hasic-Brankovic L, Vukovic A. In vitro comparison of cytotoxicity of four root canal sealers on human gingival fibroblasts. Med Arh 2015; 69 (01) 24-27
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Mubarak Z, Chismirina S, Qamari CA. Aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak kayu manis (Cinnamomum burmannii) terhadap pertumbuhan Enterococcus faecalis . Cakradonya Dent J 2016; 8: 1-10
    Google Scholar
  • 31 Raorane CJ, Lee JH, Kim YG, Rajasekharan SK, García-Contreras R, Lee J. Antibiofilm and antivirulence efficacies of flavonoids and curcumin against Acinetobacter baumannii . Front Microbiol 2019; 10: 990
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Apriliany F, Anshory H, Hertiani T. Anti quorum sensing activity of kayu manis leaves extracts (Cinnamomun burmannii Ness. Ex Bl.) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Majalah Obat Tradisional 2013; 18: 173-177
    Google Scholar
  • 33 Kumar S, Kumari R, Mishra S. Pharmacological properties and their medicinal uses of Cinnamomum: a review. J Pharm Pharmacol 2019; 71 (12) 1735-1761
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Puspita PJ, Safithri M, Sugiharti NP. Antibacterial activities of sirih merah (Piper crocatum) leaf extracts. Curr Biochem 2018; 5: 1-10
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Pratiwi SU, Lagendijk EL, de Weert S. et al. Effect of Cinnamomum burmannii Nees ex Bl. and Massoia aromatica Becc. essential oils on planktonic growth and biofilm formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus in vitro . Int J Appl Res Nat Prod 2015; 8: 1-13
    Google Scholar
  • 36 Waty S, Suryanto D. Antibacterial activity of cinnamon ethanol extract (Cinnamomum burmannii) and its application as a mouthwash to inhibit Streptococcus growth . Paper presented at: IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science; March 1, 2018; Jakarta, Indonesia
    Google Scholar
  • 37 Bnyan R, Cesarini L, Khan I, Roberts M, Ehtezazi T. The effect of ethanol evaporation on the properties of inkjet produced liposomes. Daru 2020; 28 (01) 271-280
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Hope CK, Wilson M. Analysis of the effects of chlorhexidine on oral biofilm vitality and structure based on viability profiling and an indicator of membrane integrity. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004; 48 (05) 1461-1468
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Singh R, Koppikar SJ, Paul P, Gilda S, Paradkar AR, Kaul-Ghanekar R. Comparative analysis of cytotoxic effect of aqueous cinnamon extract from Cinnamomum zeylanicum bark with commercial cinnamaldehyde on various cell lines. Pharm Biol 2008; 47 (12) 1174-1179
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Unlu M, Ergene E, Unlu GV, Zeytinoglu HS, Vural N. Composition, antimicrobial activity and in vitro cytotoxicity of essential oil from Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume (Lauraceae). Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 48 (11) 3274-3280
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Machado AC, Sartori PF, Damante CA. Viability of human gingival fibroblast (FGH) treated with ethanolic “aroeira” extract (Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemao). Braz Arch Biol Technol 2016; 59: 1-7
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar