Homeopathy 2022; 111(03): 217-225
DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1735581
Hypothesis

Can Nanoparticles in Homeopathic Remedies Enhance Phototherapy of Cancer? A Hypothetical Model

1   Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
2   Department of Complementary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
,
Janice Pellow
2   Department of Complementary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
,
Heidi Abrahamse
1   Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
,
Rahul Chandran
1   Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
› Institutsangaben
Funding The authors sincerely thank the South African Research Chairs Initiative of the Department of Science and Technology and the National Research Foundation of South Africa (Grant No 98337), as well as grants received from the University of Johannesburg, the National Research Foundation, and the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research—National Laser Centre's Laser Rental Pool Program.

Abstract

The continuous rise in cancer incidence places a massive burden on the health sector to increase efforts in the fight against cancer. As a holistic complementary medicine modality, homeopathy has the potential to assist in the supportive and palliative treatment of cancer patients. Recent empirical studies demonstrate the presence of silica and original source nanoparticles in ultra-high dilutions of several homeopathic medicines. Recent studies have also demonstrated the efficacy of phototherapy in inducing the ablation of cancer cells through laser-activated nanoparticle photosensitizers. A new hypothetical research model is presented herein, in an attempt to investigate and compare the phototherapeutic effects of homeopathic source nanoparticles with photosensitizing nanoparticle agents that have previously been tested.



Publikationsverlauf

Eingereicht: 31. März 2021

Angenommen: 02. August 2021

Artikel online veröffentlicht:
17. November 2021

© 2021. Faculty of Homeopathy. This article is published by Thieme.

Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Rüdigerstraße 14, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany

 
  • References

  • 1 Faguet GB. A brief history of cancer: age-old milestones underlying our current knowledge database. Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 2022-2036
  • 2 Mottaghitalab F, Farokhi M, Fatahi Y, Atyabi F, Dinarvand R. New insights into designing hybrid nanoparticles for lung cancer: diagnosis and treatment. J Control Release 2019; 295: 250-267
  • 3 Zhang L, Li Y, Chen Q, Xia Y, Zheng W, Jiang X. The construction of drug-resistant cancer cell lines by CRISPR/ Cas9 system for drug screening. Sci Bull 2018; 63: 1411-1419
  • 4 Bell IR, Koithan M. A model for homeopathic remedy effects: low dose nanoparticles, allostatic cross-adaptation, and time-dependent sensitization in a complex adaptive system. BMC Complement Altern Med 2012; 12: 191
  • 5 Gaertner K, Lüer SC, Frei-Erb M, von Ammon K. Complementary individual homeopathy in paediatric cancer care: a case series from a University Hospital, Switzerland. Complement Ther Med 2018; 41: 267-270
  • 6 Bagot J-L. Homeopathy and hetero-isotherapy, an interesting response to the side effects of targeted therapies in oncology. La Revue d'Homéopathie 2017; 8: 35-41
  • 7 Naudé DF, Stephanie Couchman IM, Maharaj A. Chronic primary insomnia: efficacy of homeopathic simillimum. Homeopathy 2010; 99: 63-68
  • 8 Hönigsmann H. History of phototherapy in dermatology. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2013; 12: 16-21
  • 9 Moskvin SV. Low-level laser therapy in Russia: history, science and practice. J Lasers Med Sci 2017; 8: 56-65
  • 10 Heiskanen V, Hamblin MR. Photobiomodulation: lasers vs. light emitting diodes?. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2018; 17: 1003-1017
  • 11 Chang L, Huang S, Zhao X. et al. Preparation of ROS active and photothermal responsive hydroxyapatite nanoplatforms for anticancer therapy. Mater Sci Eng C 2021; 125: 112098
  • 12 Lv Z, He S, Wang Y, Zhu X. Noble metal nanomaterials for NIR-triggered photothermal therapy in cancer. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10: e2001806
  • 13 Choi Y, Hong S. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of patent data in nanomedicine for bridging the gap between research activities and practical applications. World Pat Inf 2020; 60: 101943
  • 14 Turan NB, Erkan HS, Engin GO, Bilgili MS. Nanoparticles in the aquatic environment: usage, properties, transformation and toxicity—a review. Process Saf Environ Prot 2019; 130: 238-249
  • 15 Zhang Z, Dong C, Yu G. et al. Smart and dual-targeted BSA nanomedicine with controllable release by high autolysosome levels. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 182: 110325
  • 16 Rizvi SAA, Saleh AM. Applications of nanoparticle systems in drug delivery technology. Saudi Pharm J 2018; 26: 64-70
  • 17 Hare JI, Lammers T, Ashford MB, Puri S, Storm G, Barry ST. Challenges and strategies in anti-cancer nanomedicine development: an industry perspective. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 108: 25-38
  • 18 Frass M, Friehs H, Thallinger C. et al. Influence of adjunctive classical homeopathy on global health status and subjective wellbeing in cancer patients—a pragmatic randomized controlled trial. Complement Ther Med 2015; 23: 309-317
  • 19 Rostock M, Naumann J, Guethlin C, Guenther L, Bartsch HH, Walach H. Classical homeopathy in the treatment of cancer patients—a prospective observational study of two independent cohorts. BMC Cancer 2011; 11: 19
  • 20 Samadder A, Das S, Das J, Paul A, Boujedaini N, Khuda-Bukhsh AR. The potentized homeopathic drug, Lycopodium clavatum (5C and 15C) has anti-cancer effect on Hela cells in vitro. J Acupunct Meridian Stud 2013; 6: 180-187
  • 21 Arora S, Aggarwal A, Singla P, Jyoti S, Tandon S. Anti-proliferative effects of homeopathic medicines on human kidney, colon and breast cancer cells. Homeopathy 2013; 102: 274-282
  • 22 Mondal J, Bishayee K, Panigrahi AK, Khuda-Bukhsh AR. Low doses of ethanolic extract of Boldo (Peumus boldus) can ameliorate toxicity generated by cisplatin in normal liver cells of mice in vivo and in WRL-68 cells in vitro, but not in cancer cells in vivo or in vitro. J Integr Med 2014; 12: 425-438
  • 23 Tiffon C. The impact of nutrition and environmental epigenetics on human health and disease. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19: 3425
  • 24 Khuda-Bukhsh A. Potentized homoeopathic drugs act through regulation of gene-expression: a hypothesis to explain their mechanism and pathways of action in vitro. Complement Ther Med 1997; 5: 43-46
  • 25 Saha S, Roy S. Khuda-Bukhsh. Evidence in support of gene regulatory hypothesis: gene expression profiling manifests homeopathy effect as more than placebo. Int J High Dilution Res 2013; 12: 162-167
  • 26 Bishayee K, Sikdar S, Khuda-Bukhsh AR. Evidence of an epigenetic modification in cell-cycle arrest caused by the use of ultra-highly-diluted gonolobus condurango extract. J Pharmacopuncture 2013; 16: 7-13
  • 27 Yoo J-O, Ha K-S. New insights into the mechanisms for photodynamic therapy-induced cancer cell death. Int Rev Cell Mol Biol 2012; 295: 139-174
  • 28 van Straten D, Mashayekhi V, de Bruijn HS, Oliveira S, Robinson DJ. Oncologic photodynamic therapy: basic principles, current clinical status and future directions. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9: 19
  • 29 Gao R, Fu R, Jiao W. et al. Opto-acoustic effect of Au nanoparticles in water under irradiation of pulse laser. Optik (Stuttg) 2020; 202: 163512
  • 30 Mansoori B, Mohammadi A, Amin Doustvandi M. et al. Photodynamic therapy for cancer: role of natural products. Photodiagn Photodyn Ther 2019; 26: 395-404
  • 31 Shahcheraghi SH, Zangui M, Lotfi M. et al. Therapeutic potentials of curcumin in the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 25: 333-342
  • 32 Machado FC, Adum de Matos RP, Primo FL, Tedesco AC, Rahal P, Calmon MF. Effect of curcumin-nanoemulsion associated with photodynamic therapy in breast adenocarcinoma cell line. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27: 1882-1890
  • 33 Sun M, Zhang Y, He Y. et al. Green synthesis of carrier-free curcumin nanodrugs for light-activated breast cancer photodynamic therapy. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 180: 313-318
  • 34 Baghdan E, Duse L, Schüer JJ. et al. Development of inhalable curcumin loaded nano-in-microparticles for bronchoscopic photodynamic therapy. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 132: 63-71
  • 35 Jalde SS, Chauhan AK, Lee JH, Chaturvedi PK, Park J-S, Kim Y-W. Synthesis of novel Chlorin e6-curcumin conjugates as photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy against pancreatic carcinoma. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 147: 66-76
  • 36 Zhang J, Feng C, Xu H, Tan X, Hagedoorn P-L, Ding S. Enhanced hypericin extraction from Hypericum perforatum L. by coupling microwave with enzyme-assisted strategy. Ind Crops Prod 2019; 137: 231-238
  • 37 Kim H, Kim SW, Seok KH. et al. Hypericin-assisted photodynamic therapy against anaplastic thyroid cancer. Photodiagn Photodyn Ther 2018; 24: 15-21
  • 38 Kimáková P, Solár P, Fecková B. et al. Photoactivated hypericin increases the expression of SOD-2 and makes MCF-7 cells resistant to photodynamic therapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 85: 749-755
  • 39 Andrade GP, Manieri TM, Nunes EA, Viana GM, Cerchiaro G, Ribeiro AO. Comparative in vitro study of photodynamic activity of hypericin and hypericinates in MCF-7 cells. J Photochem Photobiol B 2017; 175: 89-98
  • 40 Villacorta RB, Roque KFJ, Tapang GA, Jacinto SD. Plant extracts as natural photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy: in vitro activity against human mammary adenocarcinoma MCF-7 cells. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2017; 7: 358-366
  • 41 Choi EB, Lee MW, Park JE. et al. Photodynamic apoptosis and antioxidant activities of Brassica napus extracts in U937 and SK-HEP-1 cells. Appl Biol Chem 2017; 60: 427-435
  • 42 Laszló IP, Laszló MR, Toma V. et al. The in vivo modulatory effects of Cornus mas extract on photodynamic therapy in experimental tumors. Photodiagn Photodyn Ther 2020; 30: 101656
  • 43 Yi G, Hong SH, Son J. et al. Recent advances in nanoparticle carriers for photodynamic therapy. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2018; 8: 433-443
  • 44 Yang W, Liang H, Ma S, Wang D, Huang J. Gold nanoparticle based photothermal therapy: Development and application for effective cancer treatment. Sustain Mater Techno 2019; 22: e00109
  • 45 Jabeen F, Najam-ul-Haq M, Javeed R, Huck CW, Bonn GK. Au-nanomaterials as a superior choice for near-infrared photothermal therapy. Molecules 2014; 19: 20580-20593
  • 46 Khafaji M, Zamani M, Golizadeh M, Bavi O. Inorganic nanomaterials for chemo/photothermal therapy: a promising horizon on effective cancer treatment. Biophys Rev 2019; 11: 335-352
  • 47 Hu J-J, Liu M-D, Chen Y. et al. Immobilized liquid metal nanoparticles with improved stability and photothermal performance for combinational therapy of tumor. Biomaterials 2019; 207: 76-88
  • 48 Chikramane PS, Suresh AK, Bellare JR, Kane SG. Extreme homeopathic dilutions retain starting materials: a nanoparticulate perspective. Homeopathy 2010; 99: 231-242
  • 49 Kalliantas D, Kassalia ME, Georgiadou A, Karagianni CS. The physical features – size and granularity – of solid materials are strongly affected by trituration in lactose, before turning them into homeopathic solutions. Mater Sci Eng C 2018; 93: 305-318
  • 50 Bell IR, Schwartz GE, Boyer NN, Koithan M, Brooks AJ. Advances in integrative nanomedicine for improving infectious disease treatment in public health. Eur J Integr Med 2013; 5: 126-140
  • 51 Temgire MK, Suresh AK, Kane SG, Bellare JR. Establishing the interfacial nano-structure and elemental composition of homeopathic medicines based on inorganic salts: a scientific approach. Homeopathy 2016; 105: 160-172
  • 52 Das S, Das J, Samadder A, Bhattacharyya SS, Das D, Khuda-Bukhsh AR. Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles by ethanolic extracts of Phytolacca decandra, Gelsemium sempervirens, Hydrastis canadensis and Thuja occidentalis induce differential cytotoxicity through G2/M arrest in A375 cells. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2013; 101: 325-336
  • 53 Bell IR, Sarter B, Koithan M. et al. Integrative nanomedicine: treating cancer with nanoscale natural products. Glob Adv Health Med 2014; 3: 36-53
  • 54 Paul S, Bhattacharyya SS, Samaddar A, Boujedaini N, Khuda-Bukhsh AR. Anticancer potentials of root extract of Polygala senega against benzo[a]pyrene-induced lung cancer in mice. J Chin Integr Med 2011; 9: 320-327
  • 55 Bhattacharyya SS, Paul S, Khuda-Bukhsh AR. Encapsulated plant extract (Gelsemium sempervirens) poly (lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles enhance cellular uptake and increase bioactivity in vitro. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2010; 235: 678-688
  • 56 Kalliantas D, Kallianta M, Kordatos K, Karagianni CS. Micro-nano particulate compositions of Hypericum perforatum L in ultra high diluted succussed solution medicinal products. Heliyon 2021; 7: e06604
  • 57 Kar S, Chakraborty M, Nandy P. et al. Characterization and haemocompatibility of Aurum metallicum for its potential therapeutic application. Indian J Res Homoeopathy 2017; 11: 41
  • 58 Rajendran ES. An evaluation of Avogadro's number in the light of HRTEM and EDS studies of high dilutions of Ferrum metallicum 6, 30, 200, 1M, 10M and 50Mc. Int J High Dilution Res 2015; 14: 3-9
  • 59 Bell IR, Muralidharan S, Schwartz GE. Nanoparticle characterization of traditional homeopathically-manufactured silver (Argentum Metallicum) medicines and placebo controls. J Nanomed Nanotechnol 2015; 6: 4
  • 60 Chikramane PS, Suresh AK, Kane SG, Bellare JR. Metal nanoparticle induced hormetic activation: a novel mechanism of homeopathic medicines. Homeopathy 2017; 106: 135-144
  • 61 Hwang HS, Shin H, Han J, Na K. Combination of photodynamic therapy (PDT) and anti-tumor immunity in cancer therapy. J Pharm Investig 2018; 48: 143-151
  • 62 Pyatenko A, Wang H, Koshizaki N, Tsuji T. Mechanism of pulse laser interaction with colloidal nanoparticles. Laser Photonics Rev 2013; 7: 596-604
  • 63 Boulais E, Lachaine R, Hatef A, Meunier M. Plasmonics for pulsed-laser cell nanosurgery: fundamentals and applications. J Photochem Photobiol Chem 2013; 17: 26-49
  • 64 Banavath HN, Allam SR, Valathati SS, Sharan A, Rajasekaran B. Femtosecond laser pulse assisted photoporation for drug delivery in chronic myelogenous leukemia cells. J Photochem Photobiol B 2018; 187: 35-40
  • 65 Hashimoto S, Werner D, Uwada T. Studies on the interaction of pulsed lasers with plasmonic gold nanoparticles toward light manipulation, heat management, and nanofabrication. J Photochem Photobiol Chem 2012; 13: 28-54
  • 66 Wang J, Wu X, Shen P. et al. Applications of inorganic nanomaterials in photothermal therapy based on combinational cancer treatment. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15: 1903-1914
  • 67 Xu A-P, Han H-H, Lu J. et al. Charge transfer NIR dyes for improved photoacoustic effect. Dyes Pigm 2016; 125: 392-398
  • 68 Holguin SY, Thadhani NN, Prausnitz MR. Effect of laser fluence, nanoparticle concentration and total energy input per cell on photoporation of cells. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2018; 14: 1667-1677
  • 69 Wu M, Xiong H, Zou H. et al. A laser-activated multifunctional targeted nanoagent for imaging and gene therapy in a mouse xenograft model with retinoblastoma Y79 cells. Acta Biomater 2018; 70: 211-226
  • 70 Ye L, Zhu X, Liu Y. Numerical study on dual-frequency ultrasonic enhancing cavitation effect based on bubble dynamic evolution. Ultrason Sonochem 2019; 59: 104744
  • 71 Boffi P, Ferrarese G, Ferrario M, Malavasi S, Mastronardi MV, Mattarei M. Coherent optical fiber interferometric sensor for incipient cavitation index detection. Flow Meas Instrum 2019; 66: 37-43
  • 72 Brujan EA. Shock wave emission and cavitation bubble dynamics by femtosecond optical breakdown in polymer solutions. Ultrason Sonochem 2019; 58: 104694
  • 73 Paris JL, Mannaris C, Cabañas MV. et al. Ultrasound-mediated cavitation-enhanced extravasation of mesoporous silica nanoparticles for controlled-release drug delivery. Chem Eng J 2018; 340: 2-8
  • 74 Shanei A, Akbari-Zadeh H, Attaran N, Salamat MR, Baradaran-Ghahfarokhi M. Effect of targeted gold nanoparticles size on acoustic cavitation: an in vitro study on melanoma cells. Ultrasonics 2020; 102: 106061
  • 75 Sengupta A, Gray MD, Kelly SC, Holguin SY, Thadhani NN, Prausnitz MR. Energy transfer mechanisms during molecular delivery to cells by laser-activated carbon nanoparticles. Biophys J 2017; 112: 1258-1269
  • 76 Yang NJ, Hinner MJ. Getting across the cell membrane: an overview for small molecules, peptides, and proteins. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1266: 29-53