PDF herunterladen
Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2021; 42(04): 623-638
DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1730946
Review Article

The Deteriorating Patient: Therapies Including Lung Transplantation

Stephanie Detailleur
1   Department of Respiratory Diseases, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
,
Robin Vos
1   Department of Respiratory Diseases, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
,
Pieter Goeminne
2   Department of Respiratory Diseases, AZ Nikolaas, Sint-Niklaas, Belgium
› Institutsangaben Funding None.
› Weitere Informationen
    Lizenzen und Reprints

Abstract

In this review paper, we discuss the characteristics that define severe bronchiectasis and which may lead to deterioration of noncystic fibrosis bronchiectasis. These characteristics were used to establish the current severity scores: bronchiectasis severity index (BSI), FACED, and E-FACED (exacerbation frequency, forced expiratory volume in 1 second, age, colonization, extension and dyspnea score). They can be used to predict mortality, exacerbation rate, hospital admission, and quality of life. Furthermore, there are different treatable traits that contribute to severe bronchiectasis and clinical deterioration. When present, they can be a target of the treatment to stabilize bronchiectasis.

One of the first steps in treatment management of bronchiectasis is evaluation of compliance to already prescribed therapy. Several factors can contribute to treatment adherence, but to date no real interventions have been published to ameliorate this phenomenon. In the second step, treatment in deteriorating patients with bronchiectasis should be guided by the predominant symptoms, for example, cough, sputum, difficulty expectoration, exacerbation rate, or physical impairment. In the third step, we evaluate treatable traits that could influence disease severity in the deteriorating patient. Finally, in patients who are difficult to treat despite maximum medical treatment, eligibility for surgery (when disease is localized), should be considered. In case of end-stage disease, the evaluation for lung transplantation should be performed. Noninvasive ventilation can serve as a bridge to lung transplantation in patients with respiratory failure.

Keywords

bronchiectasis - severity - treatment - lung transplantation


Publikationsverlauf

Artikel online veröffentlicht:
14. Juli 2021

© 2021. Thieme. All rights reserved.

Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc.
333 Seventh Avenue, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10001, USA

 

  • References

  • 1 Weycker D, Hansen GL, Seifer FD. Prevalence and incidence of noncystic fibrosis bronchiectasis among US adults in 2013. Chron Respir Dis 2017; 14 (04) 377-384
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Quint JK, Millett ERC, Joshi M. et al. Changes in the incidence, prevalence and mortality of bronchiectasis in the UK from 2004 to 2013: a population-based cohort study. Eur Respir J 2016; 47 (01) 186-193
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Diel R, Ewig S, Blaas S. et al. Incidence of patients with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis in Germany: a healthcare insurance claims data analysis. Respir Med 2019; 151: 121-127
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Roberts HJ, Hubbard R. Trends in bronchiectasis mortality in England and Wales. Respir Med 2010; 104 (07) 981-985
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Ringshausen FC, de Roux A, Pletz MW, Hämäläinen N, Welte T, Rademacher J. Bronchiectasis-associated hospitalizations in Germany, 2005-2011: a population-based study of disease burden and trends. PLoS One 2013; 8 (08) e71109
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Goeminne PC, Hernandez F, Diel R. et al. The economic burden of bronchiectasis - known and unknown: a systematic review. BMC Pulm Med 2019; 19 (01) 54
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Bahous J, Cartier A, Pineau L. et al. Pulmonary function tests and airway responsiveness to methacholine in chronic bronchiectasis of the adult. Bull Eur Physiopathol Respir 1984; 20 (04) 375-380
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Chalmers JD, Goeminne P, Aliberti S. et al. The bronchiectasis severity index. An international derivation and validation study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014; 189 (05) 576-585
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Roberts HR, Wells AU, Milne DG. et al. Airflow obstruction in bronchiectasis: correlation between computed tomography features and pulmonary function tests. Thorax 2000; 55 (03) 198-204
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Martínez-García MA, Soler-Cataluña JJ, Perpiñá-Tordera M, Román-Sánchez P, Soriano J. Factors associated with lung function decline in adult patients with stable non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis. Chest 2007; 132 (05) 1565-1572
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Serisier DJ, Martin ML, McGuckin MA. et al. Effect of long-term, low-dose erythromycin on pulmonary exacerbations among patients with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis: the BLESS randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2013; 309 (12) 1260-1267
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Chalmers JD, Boersma W, Lonergan M. et al. Long-term macrolide antibiotics for the treatment of bronchiectasis in adults: an individual participant data meta-analysis. Lancet Respir Med 2019; 7 (10) 845-854
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Bellelli G, Chalmers JD, Sotgiu G. et al. Characterization of bronchiectasis in the elderly. Respir Med 2016; 119: 13-19
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Martínez-García MA, de Gracia J, Vendrell Relat M. et al. Multidimensional approach to non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis: the FACED score. Eur Respir J 2014; 43 (05) 1357-1367
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Loebinger MR, Wells AU, Hansell DM. et al. Mortality in bronchiectasis: a long-term study assessing the factors influencing survival. Eur Respir J 2009; 34 (04) 843-849
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Chalmers JD, Aliberti S, Filonenko A. et al. Characterisation of the “frequent exacerbator phenotype” in bronchiectasis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2018; 197 (11) 1410-1420
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Bradley JM, Wilson JJ, Hayes K. et al. Sedentary behaviour and physical activity in bronchiectasis: a cross-sectional study. BMC Pulm Med 2015; 15: 61
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 de Camargo AA, Boldorini JC, Holland AE. et al. Determinants of peripheral muscle strength and activity in daily life in people with bronchiectasis. Phys Ther 2018; 98 (03) 153-161
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Ozalp O, Inal-Ince D, Calik E. et al. Extrapulmonary features of bronchiectasis: muscle function, exercise capacity, fatigue, and health status. Multidiscip Respir Med 2012; 7 (01) 3
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Qi Q, Li T, Li JC, Li Y. Association of body mass index with disease severity and prognosis in patients with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis. Braz J Med Biol Res 2015; 48 (08) 715-724
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Vestbo J, Hurd SS, Agustí AG. et al. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: GOLD executive summary. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013; 187 (04) 347-365
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Konstantinides SV, Meyer G, Becattini C. et al. The Task Force for the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). 2019 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism developed in collaboration with the European Respiratory Society (ERS): The Task Force for the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Respir J 2019; 54 (03) 1901647
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Lim WS, van der Eerden MM, Laing R. et al. Defining community acquired pneumonia severity on presentation to hospital: an international derivation and validation study. Thorax 2003; 58 (05) 377-382
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Martinez-Garcia MA, Athanazio RA, Girón R. et al. Predicting high risk of exacerbations in bronchiectasis: the E-FACED score. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2017; 12: 275-284
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 McDonnell MJ, Aliberti S, Goeminne PC. et al. Comorbidities and the risk of mortality in patients with bronchiectasis: an international multicentre cohort study. Lancet Respir Med 2016; 4 (12) 969-979
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Rosales-Mayor E, Polverino E, Raguer L. et al. Comparison of two prognostic scores (BSI and FACED) in a Spanish cohort of adult patients with bronchiectasis and improvement of the FACED predictive capacity for exacerbations. PLoS One 2017; 12 (04) e0175171
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Ellis HC, Cowman S, Fernandes M, Wilson R, Loebinger MR. Predicting mortality in bronchiectasis using bronchiectasis severity index and FACED scores: a 19-year cohort study. Eur Respir J 2016; 47 (02) 482-489
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 McDonnell MJ, Aliberti S, Goeminne PC. et al. Multidimensional severity assessment in bronchiectasis: an analysis of seven European cohorts. Thorax 2016; 71 (12) 1110-1118
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Minov J, Karadzinska-Bislimovska J, Vasilevska K, Stoleski S, Mijakoski D. Assessment of the non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis severity: the FACED score vs the bronchiectasis severity index. Open Respir Med J 2015; 9: 46-51
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Goeminne PC, Kiciński M, Vermeulen F. et al. Impact of air pollution on cystic fibrosis pulmonary exacerbations: a case-crossover analysis. Chest 2013; 143 (04) 946-954
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Farhat SCL, Almeida MB, Silva-Filho LVRF, Farhat J, Rodrigues JC, Braga ALF. Ozone is associated with an increased risk of respiratory exacerbations in patients with cystic fibrosis. Chest 2013; 144 (04) 1186-1192
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Jassal MS, Yu AM, Bhatia R, Keens TG, Davidson Ward SL. Effect of residential proximity to major roadways on cystic fibrosis exacerbations. Int J Environ Health Res 2013; 23 (02) 119-131
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Goss CH, Newsom SA, Schildcrout JS, Sheppard L, Kaufman JD. Effect of ambient air pollution on pulmonary exacerbations and lung function in cystic fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004; 169 (07) 816-821
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Goeminne PC, Bijnens E, Nemery B, Nawrot TS, Dupont LJ. Impact of traffic related air pollution indicators on non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis mortality: a cohort analysis. Respir Res 2014; 15 (01) 108
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Garcia-Olivé I, Stojanovic Z, Radua J, Rodriguez-Pons L, Martinez-Rivera C, Ruiz Manzano J. Effect of air pollution on exacerbations of bronchiectasis in Badalona, Spain, 2008-2016. Respiration 2018; 96 (02) 111-116
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Raji H, Riahi A, Borsi SH. et al. Acute effects of air pollution on hospital admissions for asthma, COPD, and bronchiectasis in Ahvaz, Iran. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2020; 15: 501-514
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Goeminne PC, Cox B, Finch S. et al. The impact of acute air pollution fluctuations on bronchiectasis pulmonary exacerbation: a case-crossover analysis. Eur Respir J 2018; 52 (01) 1-11
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Wang Z, Zhou Y, Zhang Y. et al. Association of hospital admission for bronchiectasis with air pollution: a province-wide time-series study in southern China. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2021; 231: 113654
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Kumar R, Chopra D. Evaluation of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in patients with and without central bronchiectasis. J Asthma 2002; 39 (06) 473-477
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Wark PA, Saltos N, Simpson J, Slater S, Hensley MJ, Gibson PG. Induced sputum eosinophils and neutrophils and bronchiectasis severity in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Eur Respir J 2000; 16 (06) 1095-1101
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Greenberger PA, Miller TP, Roberts M, Smith LL. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in patients with and without evidence of bronchiectasis. Ann Allergy 1993; 70 (04) 333-338
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Pasteur MC, Bilton D, Hill AT. British Thoracic Society guideline for non-CF bronchiectasis. Thorax 2010; 65: 1-58
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 43 Stevens DA, Schwartz HJ, Lee JY. et al. A randomized trial of itraconazole in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. N Engl J Med 2000; 342 (11) 756-762
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Polverino E, Dimakou K, Hurst J. et al. The overlap between bronchiectasis and chronic airway diseases: state of the art and future directions. Eur Respir J 2018; 52 (03) 1-18
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 45 Luján M, Gallardo X, Amengual MJ, Bosque M, Mirapeix RM, Domingo C. Prevalence of bronchiectasis in asthma according to oral steroid requirement: influence of immunoglobulin levels. BioMed Res Int 2013; 2013: 109219
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 46 Dupin C, Marchand-Adam S, Favelle O. et al. Asthma and hypogammaglobulinemia: an asthma phenotype with low type 2 inflammation. J Clin Immunol 2016; 36 (08) 810-817
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 47 Goeminne PC, Nawrot TS, Ruttens D, Seys S, Dupont LJ. Mortality in non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis: a prospective cohort analysis. Respir Med 2014; 108 (02) 287-296
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 48 Du Q, Jin J, Liu X, Sun Y. Bronchiectasis as a comorbidity of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2016; 11 (03) e0150532
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 49 Hill AT, Sullivan AL, Chalmers JD. et al. British Thoracic Society Guideline for bronchiectasis in adults. Thorax 2019; 74 (Suppl. 01) 1-69
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 50 Crisafulli E, Guerrero M, Ielpo A. et al. Impact of bronchiectasis on outcomes of hospitalized patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A propensity matched analysis. Sci Rep 2018; 8 (01) 9236
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 51 Donath E, Chaudhry A, Hernandez-Aya LF, Lit L. A meta-analysis on the prophylactic use of macrolide antibiotics for the prevention of disease exacerbations in patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Respir Med 2013; 107 (09) 1385-1392
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 52 Altenburg J, de Graaff CS, Stienstra Y. et al. Effect of azithromycin maintenance treatment on infectious exacerbations among patients with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis: the BAT randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2013; 309 (12) 1251-1259
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 53 Wong C, Jayaram L, Karalus N. et al. Azithromycin for prevention of exacerbations in non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis (EMBRACE): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2012; 380 (9842): 660-667
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 54 Goeminne PC, Scheers H, Decraene A, Seys S, Dupont LJ. Risk factors for morbidity and death in non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis: a retrospective cross-sectional analysis of CT diagnosed bronchiectatic patients. Respir Res 2012; 13 (01) 21
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 55 Mandal P, Morice AH, Chalmers JD, Hill AT. Symptoms of airway reflux predict exacerbations and quality of life in bronchiectasis. Respir Med 2013; 107 (07) 1008-1013
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 56 McDonnell MJ, Ahmed M, Das J. et al. Hiatal hernias are correlated with increased severity of non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis. Respirology 2015; 20 (05) 749-757
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 57 Ahn B, Lee DH, Lee CM. et al. Effect of proton pomp inhibitors in bronchiectatic patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease. Korean J Gastroenterol 2016; 68 (01) 10-15
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 58 Rohof WO, Bennink RJ, de Ruigh AA, Hirsch DP, Zwinderman AH, Boeckxstaens GE. Effect of azithromycin on acid reflux, hiatus hernia and proximal acid pocket in the postprandial period. Gut 2012; 61 (12) 1670-1677
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 59 Olveira G, Olveira C, Doña E. et al. Oral supplement enriched in HMB combined with pulmonary rehabilitation improves body composition and health related quality of life in patients with bronchiectasis (Prospective, Randomised Study). Clin Nutr 2016; 35 (05) 1015-1022
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 60 Diehl N, Johnson MM. Prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis in patients with noncystic fibrosis bronchiectasis. South Med J 2016; 109 (12) 779-783
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 61 Araújo D, Shteinberg M, Aliberti S. et al. The independent contribution of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection to long-term clinical outcomes in bronchiectasis. Eur Respir J 2018; 51 (02) 1-10
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 62 McDonnell MJ, Jary HR, Perry A. et al. Non cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis: a longitudinal retrospective observational cohort study of Pseudomonas persistence and resistance. Respir Med 2015; 109 (06) 716-726
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 63 Park J, Kim S, Lee YJ. et al. Factors associated with radiologic progression of non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis during long-term follow-up. Respirology 2016; 21 (06) 1049-1054
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 64 Finch S, McDonnell MJ, Abo-Leyah H, Aliberti S, Chalmers JD. A comprehensive analysis of the impact of Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonization on prognosis in adult bronchiectasis. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2015; 12 (11) 1602-1611
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 65 White L, Mirrani G, Grover M, Rollason J, Malin A, Suntharalingam J. Outcomes of Pseudomonas eradication therapy in patients with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis. Respir Med 2012; 106 (03) 356-360
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 66 Orriols R, Hernando R, Ferrer A, Terradas S, Montoro B. Eradication therapy against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis. Respiration 2015; 90 (04) 299-305
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 67 Loebinger MR, Polverino E, Chalmers JD. et al; iBEST-1 Trial Team. Efficacy and safety of TOBI Podhaler in Pseudomonas aeruginosa-infected bronchiectasis patients: iBEST study. Eur Respir J 2021; 57 (01) 1-11
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 68 Murray MP, Govan JRW, Doherty CJ. et al. A randomized controlled trial of nebulized gentamicin in non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011; 183 (04) 491-499
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 69 Polverino E, Goeminne PC, McDonnell MJ. et al. European Respiratory Society guidelines for the management of adult bronchiectasis. Eur Respir J 2017; 50 (03) 1-23
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 70 Kovesi T, Creery D, Gilbert NL. et al. Indoor air quality risk factors for severe lower respiratory tract infections in Inuit infants in Baffin Region, Nunavut: a pilot study. Indoor Air 2006; 16 (04) 266-275
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 71 Das L, Kovesi TA. Bronchiectasis in children from Qikiqtani (Baffin) region, Nunavut, Canada. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2015; 12 (01) 96-100
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 72 Singleton R, Morris A, Redding G. et al. Bronchiectasis in Alaska Native children: causes and clinical courses. Pediatr Pulmonol 2000; 29 (03) 182-187
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 73 McShane PJ, Naureckas ET, Strek ME. Bronchiectasis in a diverse US population: effects of ethnicity on etiology and sputum culture. Chest 2012; 142 (01) 159-167
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 74 Hill AT, Haworth CS, Aliberti S. et al; EMBARC/BRR definitions working group. Pulmonary exacerbation in adults with bronchiectasis: a consensus definition for clinical research. Eur Respir J 2017; 49 (06) 1-6
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 75 McCullough AR, Tunney MM, Quittner AL, Elborn JS, Bradley JM, Hughes CM. Treatment adherence and health outcomes in patients with bronchiectasis. BMC Pulm Med 2014; 14: 107
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 76 McCullough AR, Tunney MM, Elborn JS, Bradley JM, Hughes CM. ‘All illness is personal to that individual’: a qualitative study of patients' perspectives on treatment adherence in bronchiectasis. Health Expect 2015; 18 (06) 2477-2488
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 77 McCullough A, Thomas ET, Ryan C. et al. Interventions for enhancing adherence to treatment in adults with bronchiectasis. (Review) Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015; (11) CD011023
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 78 Lee AL, Burge AT, Holland AE. Airway clearance techniques for bronchiectasis. (Review) Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015; (11) CD008351
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 79 Lee AL, Burge AT, Holland AE. Positive expiratory pressure therapy versus other airway clearance techniques for bronchiectasis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017; 9: CD011699
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 80 Murray MP, Pentland JL, Hill AT. A randomised crossover trial of chest physiotherapy in non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis. Eur Respir J 2009; 34 (05) 1086-1092
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 81 Nicolini A, Cardini F, Landucci N, Lanata S, Ferrari-Bravo M, Barlascini C. Effectiveness of treatment with high-frequency chest wall oscillation in patients with bronchiectasis. BMC Pulm Med 2013; 13: 21
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 82 Svenningsen S, Paulin G, Wheatley A. et al. Oscillating positive expiratory pressure therapy in chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases and bronchiectasis. Chest 2013; 741
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 83 Sutton PP, Gemmell HG, Innes N. et al. Use of nebulised saline and nebulised terbutaline as an adjunct to chest physiotherapy. Thorax 1988; 43 (01) 57-60
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 84 Guimarães FS, Moço VJR, Menezes SLS, Dias CM, Salles REB, Lopes AJ. Effects of ELTGOL and Flutter VRP1® on the dynamic and static pulmonary volumes and on the secretion clearance of patients with bronchiectasis. Rev Bras Fisioter 2012; 16 (02) 108-113
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 85 Kurz M, Ahrens P, Zielen S, Hofmann D. Physiotherapy with the VRP-1 device. Objective and subjective results of a comparitive study in children with chronic lung diseases. Pravention und Rehabilation. 2017: 105-109
    Google Scholar
  • 86 Figueiredo PHS, Zin WA, Guimarães FS. Flutter valve improves respiratory mechanics and sputum production in patients with bronchiectasis. Physiother Res Int 2012; 17 (01) 12-20
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 87 Eaton T, Young P, Zeng I, Kolbe J. A randomized evaluation of the acute efficacy, acceptability and tolerability of flutter and active cycle of breathing with and without postural drainage in non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis. Chron Respir Dis 2007; 4 (01) 23-30
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 88 Patterson JE, Bradley JM, Hewitt O, Bradbury I, Elborn JS. Airway clearance in bronchiectasis: a randomized crossover trial of active cycle of breathing techniques versus Acapella. Respiration 2005; 72 (03) 239-242
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 89 Semwal S, Mitra S, Singh SB. Autogenic drainage versus acapella for airway clearance in patients with bronchiectasis: randomised crossover trial. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017; DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD011699.pub2.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 90 Thompson CS, Harrison S, Ashley J, Day K, Smith DL. Randomised crossover study of the Flutter device and the active cycle of breathing technique in non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis. Thorax 2002; 57 (05) 446-448
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 91 De Oliveira Antunes LC, De Crvalho SM, Borges FD, De Assis VL, De Godoy I. A study of the conventional chest physiotherapy versus Flutter VRP1 in the treatment of patients carrying bronchiectasis. Rev Salusvita 2001; 23-33
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 92 Tsang SM, Jones AY. Postural drainage or flutter device in conjunction with breathing and coughing compared to breathing and coughing alone in improving secretion removal and lung function in patients with acute exacerbation of bronchiectasis: a pilot study. Hong Kong Physiother J 2003; 21 (01) 29-36
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 93 Herrero-Cortina B, Alcaraz V, Vilaró J, Torres A, Polverino E. Impact of Hypertonic saline solutions on sputum expectoration and their safety profile in patients with bronchiectasis: a randomized crossover trial. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2018; 31 (05) 281-289
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 94 Kellett F, Robert NM. Nebulised 7% hypertonic saline improves lung function and quality of life in bronchiectasis. Respir Med 2011; 105 (12) 1831-1835
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 95 Nicolson CHH, Stirling RG, Borg BM, Button BM, Wilson JW, Holland AE. The long term effect of inhaled hypertonic saline 6% in non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis. Respir Med 2012; 106 (05) 661-667
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 96 Fuchs HJ, Borowitz DS, Christiansen DH. et al; The Pulmozyme Study Group. Effect of aerosolized recombinant human DNase on exacerbations of respiratory symptoms and on pulmonary function in patients with cystic fibrosis. N Engl J Med 1994; 331 (10) 637-642
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 97 Laube BL, Auci RM, Shields DE. et al. Effect of rhDNase on airflow obstruction and mucociliary clearance in cystic fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 153 (02) 752-760
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 98 O'Donnell AE, Barker AF, Ilowite JS, Fick RB. Treatment of idiopathic bronchiectasis with aerosolized recombinant human DNase I. rhDNase Study Group. Chest 1998; 113 (05) 1329-1334
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 99 Stass H, Nagelschmitz J, Kappeler D, Sommerer K, Kietzig C, Weimann B. Ciprofloxacin dry powder for inhalation in patients with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and in healthy volunteers. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2017; 30 (01) 53-63
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 100 De Soyza A, Aksamit T, Bandel TJ. et al. RESPIRE 1: a phase III placebo-controlled randomised trial of ciprofloxacin dry powder for inhalation in non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis. Eur Respir J 2018; 51 (01) 1-12
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 101 Aksamit T, De Soyza A, Bandel TJ. et al. RESPIRE 2: a phase III placebo-controlled randomised trial of ciprofloxacin dry powder for inhalation in non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis. Eur Respir J 2018; 51 (01) 1-1
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 102 Chalmers JD, Cipolla D, Thompson B. et al. Changes in respiratory symptoms during 48-week treatment with ARD-3150 (inhaled liposomal ciprofloxacin) in bronchiectasis: results from the ORBIT-3 and -4 studies. Eur Respir J 2020; 56 (04) 1-9
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 103 Laska IF, Crichton ML, Shoemark A, Chalmers JD. The efficacy and safety of inhaled antibiotics for the treatment of bronchiectasis in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Respir Med 2019; 7 (10) 855-869
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 104 Barker AF, O'Donnell AE, Flume P. et al. Aztreonam for inhalation solution in patients with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis (AIR-BX1 and AIR-BX2): two randomised double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trials. Lancet Respir Med 2014; 2 (09) 738-749
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 105 Crichton ML, Lonergan M, Barker AF. et al. Inhaled aztreonam improves symptoms of cough and sputum production in patients with bronchiectasis: a post hoc analysis of the AIR-BX studies. Eur Respir J 2020; 56 (01) 1-9
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 106 Blanco-Aparicio M, Saleta Canosa JL, Valiño López P, Martín Egaña MT, Vidal García I, Montero Martínez C. Eradication of Pseudomonas aeruginosa with inhaled colistin in adults with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis. Chron Respir Dis 2019; 16: 1479973119872513
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 107 Haworth CS, Foweraker JE, Wilkinson P, Kenyon RF, Bilton D. Inhaled colistin in patients with bronchiectasis and chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014; 189 (08) 975-982
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 108 Chang CC, Morris PS, Chang AB. and Cochrane Airways Group. Influenza vaccine for children and adults with bronchiectasis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007; (03) CD006218
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 109 Chang CC, Singleton RJ, Morris PS, Chang AB. Pneumococcal vaccines for children and adults with bronchiectasis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009; (02) CD006316
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 110 Furumoto A, Ohkusa Y, Chen M. et al. Additive effect of pneumococcal vaccine and influenza vaccine on acute exacerbation in patients with chronic lung disease. Vaccine 2008; 26 (33) 4284-4289
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 111 Newall C, Stockley RA, Hill SL. Exercise training and inspiratory muscle training in patients with bronchiectasis. Thorax 2005; 60 (11) 943-948
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 112 Lee AL, Hill CJ, Cecins N. et al. The short and long term effects of exercise training in non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis--a randomised controlled trial. Respir Res 2014; 15 (01) 44
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 113 Mandal P, Sidhu MK, Kope L. et al. A pilot study of pulmonary rehabilitation and chest physiotherapy versus chest physiotherapy alone in bronchiectasis. Respir Med 2012; 106 (12) 1647-1654
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 114 Ong HK, Lee AL, Hill CJ, Holland AE, Denehy L. Effects of pulmonary rehabilitation in bronchiectasis: A retrospective study. Chron Respir Dis 2011; 8 (01) 21-30
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 115 van Zeller M, Mota PC, Amorim A. et al. Pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with bronchiectasis: pulmonary function, arterial blood gases, and the 6-minute walk test. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev 2012; 32 (05) 278-283
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 116 Panda A, Bhalla AS, Goyal A. Bronchial artery embolization in hemoptysis: a systematic review. Diagn Interv Radiol 2017; 23 (04) 307-317
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 117 Fruchter O, Schneer S, Rusanov V, Belenky A, Kramer MR. Bronchial artery embolization for massive hemoptysis: long-term follow-up. Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann 2015; 23 (01) 55-60
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 118 Lee J-H, Kwon S-Y, Yoon H-I. et al. Haemoptysis due to chronic tuberculosis vs. bronchiectasis: comparison of long-term outcome of arterial embolisation. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2007; 11 (07) 781-787
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 119 Annest LS, Kratz JM, Crawford Jr FA. Current results of treatment of bronchiectasis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1982; 83 (04) 546-550
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 120 Dai J, Zhu X, Bian D, Fei K, Jiang G, Zhang P. Surgery for predominant lesion in nonlocalized bronchiectasis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2017; 153 (04) 979-985.e1
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 121 Fan LC, Liang S, Lu HW, Fei K, Xu JF. Efficiency and safety of surgical intervention to patients with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis: a meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2015; 5: 17382
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 122 Weber A, Stammberger U, Inci I, Schmid RA, Dutly A, Weder W. Thoracoscopic lobectomy for benign disease--a single centre study on 64 cases. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2001; 20 (03) 443-448
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 123 Zhang P, Zhang F, Jiang S. et al. Video-assisted thoracic surgery for bronchiectasis. Ann Thorac Surg 2011; 91 (01) 239-243
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 124 Dupont M, Gacouin A, Lena H. et al. Survival of patients with bronchiectasis after the first ICU stay for respiratory failure. Chest 2004; 125 (05) 1815-1820
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 125 Phua J, Ang YLE, See KC. et al. Noninvasive and invasive ventilation in acute respiratory failure associated with bronchiectasis. Intensive Care Med 2010; 36 (04) 638-647
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 126 Hadda V, Chawla G, Tiwari P. et al. Noninvasive ventilation for acute respiratory failure due to noncystic fibrosis bronchiectasis. Indian J Crit Care Med 2018; 22 (05) 326-331
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 127 Benhamou D, Muir JF, Raspaud C. et al. Long-term efficiency of home nasal mask ventilation in patients with diffuse bronchiectasis and severe chronic respiratory failure: a case-control study. Chest 1997; 112 (05) 1259-1266
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 128 Simonds AK, Elliott MW. Outcome of domiciliary nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation in restrictive and obstructive disorders. Thorax 1995; 50 (06) 604-609
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 129 Weill D, Benden C, Corris PA. et al. A consensus document for the selection of lung transplant candidates: 2014--an update from the Pulmonary Transplantation Council of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2015; 34 (01) 1-15
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 130 Ramos KJ, Smith PJ, McKone EF. et al; CF Lung Transplant Referral Guidelines Committee. Lung transplant referral for individuals with cystic fibrosis: Cystic Fibrosis Foundation consensus guidelines. J Cyst Fibros 2019; 18 (03) 321-333
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 131 Beirne PA, Banner NR, Khaghani A, Hodson ME, Yacoub MH. Lung transplantation for non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis: analysis of a 13-year experience. J Heart Lung Transplant 2005; 24 (10) 1530-1535
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 132 Birch J, Sunny SS, Hester KLM. et al. Outcomes of lung transplantation in adults with bronchiectasis. BMC Pulm Med 2018; 18 (01) 82
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 133 Rusanov V, Fridman V, Wille K, Kramer MR. Lung Transplantation for Cystic Fibrosis and Non-cystic Fibrosis Bronchiectasis: A Single-Center Experience. Transplant Proc 2019; 51 (06) 2029-2034
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 134 Chambers DC, Cherikh WS, Harhay MO. et al; International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. The International Thoracic Organ Transplant Registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: thirty-sixth adult lung and heart-lung transplantation report-2019; focus theme: donor and recipient size match. J Heart Lung Transplant 2019; 38 (10) 1042-1055
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 135 Trulock EP, Edwards LB, Taylor DO, Boucek MM, Keck BM, Hertz MI. The Registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: twenty-first official adult lung and heart-lung transplant report--2004. J Heart Lung Transplant 2004; 23 (07) 804-815
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 136 Rademacher J, Ringshausen FC, Suhling H. et al. Lung transplantation for non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis. Respir Med 2016; 115: 60-65
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 137 Nathan JA, Sharples LD, Exley AR, Sivasothy P, Wallwork J. The outcomes of lung transplantation in patients with bronchiectasis and antibody deficiency. J Heart Lung Transplant 2005; 24 (10) 1517-1521
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar