Download PDF
Homeopathy 2022; 111(01): 042-048
DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1727149
Original Research Article

In-Vitro Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activities of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhi, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Candida albicans Nosodes

Renuka Munshi
1   Department of Clinical Pharmacology, TNMC & BYL Nair Ch. Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
,
Gitanjali Talele
2   Research Department, Life Force Foundation Trust, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
,
Rajesh Shah 
2   Research Department, Life Force Foundation Trust, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
› Author Affiliations
› Further Information
   Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

Background This study presents the results of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay of a series of nosodes: namely Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhi, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Candida albicans. Each was tested against its corresponding infection as well as cross infections.

Methods In-vitro efficacy of polyvalent nosodes was tested using the MIC assay technique. The nosodes, namely C. albicans polyvalent nosode (35c, 100c), N. gonorrhoeae (35c), K. pneumoniae (35c, 100c), E. coli polyvalent nosode (35c, 100c) and Salmonella typhi polyvalent nosode (30c, 100c), were tested along with positive and negative controls. Nosodes were studied in different potencies and at 1:1 dilution.

Results C. albicans polyvalent nosode 35c, 100c, N. gonorrhoeae 35c, and positive control amphotericin B showed inhibition of the growth of C. albicans species. K. pneumoniae 35c, E. coli polyvalent nosode 100c, and meropenem (positive control) showed inhibition of the growth of K. pneumoniae; this effect was not seen with ceftriaxone, ofloxacin and amoxicillin antibiotics. E. coli polyvalent nosode 30c in 10% alcohol (direct and dilution 1:1) and the positive controls ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, and amoxicillin showed inhibition of the growth of E. coli. The S. typhi polyvalent nosode 30c in 10% alcohol showed inhibition of growth of S. typhi.

Conclusion This study reveals that the tested nosodes exhibited antibacterial potential against the corresponding micro-organisms and against other selected organisms studied using this assay.

Keywords

antibacterial - nosodes - inhibitory concentration - potentized - in vitro - Escherichia coli - Klebsiella pneumoniae - Salmonella typhi - Neisseria gonorrhoeae - Candida albicans

Authors' Contributions

Renuka Munshi provided the laboratory facility and contributed to the laboratory work and manuscript writing. Gitanjali Talele contributed to the laboratory work and manuscript writing. Rajesh Shah (the principal investigator) is the inventor of the drugs; he also developed the concept, supervised the laboratory work, and did the principal manuscript writing.


Supplementary Material



Publication History

Received: 07 September 2020

Accepted: 12 January 2021

Article published online:
21 May 2021

© 2021. Faculty of Homeopathy. This article is published by Thieme.

Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Rüdigerstraße 14, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany

 

  • References

  • 1 Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia of India. 1st ed.. 4th Vol. New Delhi: Ministry of Health, Government of India; 1983: 136-137
    Google Scholar
  • 2 Johann Joseph Wilhelm Lux. Accessed June 15, 2019 at: http://www.curantur.de/English/Lux/lux.html
    PubMed
  • 3 Shah R, Chowdhary A, Talele G, Vaidya S, Mukerjee S, Joshi S. Preparation, standardization, and in-vitro safety testing of Mycobacterium nosodes (Emtact polyvalent nosode). Homeopathy 2016; 131: 1-8
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Shah R, Talele G. Preparation of cancer nosodes from specific cancer tissues. Int J High Dilution Res 2019; 18: 28-34
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Shah R. HIV nosode: the homeopathic pathogenetic trial. Forsch Komplement Med 2015; 22: 156-162
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Shah R. Clinical trial for the evaluation of a Hep C nosode in the treatment for hepatitis C (HCV) positive participants. Homeopathy 2013; 102: 207-214
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Munshi R, Talele G, Shah R. Preparation and standardization of Escherichia coli nosodes sourced from select E. coli strains. Homeopathy 2020; 109: 207-212
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Gosavia TP, Ghosh P, Kandhare AD, Kumar S, Subhash RR, Bodhankar L. Therapeutic effect of H. pylori nosode, a homeopathic preparation in the healing of chronic H. pylori-infected ulcers in laboratory animals. Asian Pac J Trop Dis 2012; 2: S603-S611
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Bagai U, Walter NS. Antiplasmodial potential of homeopathic drugs Chelidonium and nosode against Plasmodium berghei infection. J Complement Integr Med 2014; 11: 195-201
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Joshi S, Munshi R, Talele G, Shah R. An experimental in-vitro study to evaluate the antimalarial activity of select homeopathy preparations. Int J Med Health Res 2017; 7: 65-68
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Siqueira CM, Costa B, Amorim AM. et al. H3N2 homeopathic influenza virus solution modifies cellular and biochemical aspects of MDCK and J774G8 cell lines. Homeopathy 2013; 102: 31-40
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Shah R. Clinical trial for the evaluation of a human immunodeficiency virus nosode in the treatment for human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals. Indian J Res Homoeopathy. 2015; 9: 25-33
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Bracho G, Varela E, Fernández R. et al. Large-scale application of highly-diluted bacteria for leptospirosis epidemic control. Homeopathy 2010; 99: 156-166
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Camerlink I, Ellinger L, Bakker EJ, Lantinga EA. Homeopathy as replacement to antibiotics in the case of Escherichia coli diarrhoea in neonatal piglets. Homeopathy 2010; 99: 57-62
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Pannek J, Kurmann C, Imbach E, Amsler F, Pannek-Rademacher S. In-vitro effects of homeopathic drugs on cultured Escherichia coli . Homeopathy 2018; 107: 150-154
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Boericke W. Pocket Manual of Homeopathic Materia Medica and Repertory. New Delhi: B Jain Publishers; 1996: 13-657
    Google Scholar
  • 17 Mondal J, Samadder A, Khuda-Bukhsh AR. Psorinum 6x triggers apoptosis signals in human lung cancer cells. J Integr Med 2016; 14: 143-153
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Khuda-Bukhsh AR, Mondal J, Shah R. Therapeutic potential of HIV nosode 30c as evaluated in A549 lung cancer cells. Homeopathy 2017; 106: 203-213
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Shah R. Evaluating the anticancer effects of high-dilution preparations of carcinogens, such as HIV, hepatitis C virus, ethanol, and cancer tissues, in in-vitro models. Int J High Dilution Res. 2019; 18: 12-27
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Fuge O, Vasdev N, Allchorne P, Green JS. Immunotherapy for bladder cancer. Res Rep Urol 2015; 7: 65-79
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Awal G, Kaur S. Therapeutic outcome of intralesional immunotherapy in cutaneous warts using the mumps, measles, and rubella vaccine: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol 2018; 11: 15-20
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Dhope A, Madke B, Singh AL. Effect of measles mumps rubella vaccine in the treatment of common warts. Indian J Drugs Dermatol 2017; 3: 14-19
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Allen HC. Materia Medica of the Nosodes. Reprinted ed.. New Delhi: B. Jain Publishers; 1988
    Google Scholar
  • 24 World Health Report. Accessed August 29, 2019 at: https://www.who.int/whr/1996/media_centre/press_release/en/
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Mokarroma S, Shammi T. Determination of in-vitro antimicrobial activity of homeopathy medicines. Stamford J Microbiol 2019; 8: 7-9
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Almaguer-Flores A, González-Alva P. Antibacterial activity of homeopathic medications Lycopodium clavatum and Arsenicum album against periodontal bacteria. ODONTOS - Int J Dent Sci 2018; 20: 71-79
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Suresh S, Ganesh L. Anti-bacterial effects of homeopathic remedies: In-vitro evaluation for treatment. Paper presented at: The European Congress for Homeopathy, Vienna; 2016
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Prajapati S, Sharma M, Kumar A. et al. Antimicrobial activity of different homoeopathic drugs and their potencies against 'Aspergillus niger' in vitro . Indian J Res Homoeopathy 2019; 13: 150-158
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Balouiri M, Sadiki M, Ibnsouda SK. Methods for in vitro evaluating antimicrobial activity: a review. J Pharm Analysis 2016; 6: 71-79
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Banerjee DD. A Textbook of Homoeopathic Pharmacy Including Pharmacological Principles for Homoeopathic Practice. New Delhi: B. Jain Publishers; 1991: 67
    Google Scholar
  • 31 Shah R. Standardization of the potentizing machine and quantification of impact of potentization. Indian J Res Homoeopathy 2016; 10: 126-132
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar