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CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · J Lab Physicians 2021; 13(01): 044-049
DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1726572
Original Article

Sigma Metric Evaluation of Drugs in a Clinical Laboratory: Importance of Choosing Appropriate Total Allowable Error and a Troubleshooting Roadmap

Lokesh Kumar Sharma
1   Department of Biochemistry, Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Medical Sciences (ABVIMS), Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India
,
Rashmi Rasi Datta
1   Department of Biochemistry, Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Medical Sciences (ABVIMS), Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India
,
Neera Sharma
1   Department of Biochemistry, Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Medical Sciences (ABVIMS), Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India
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Abstract

Objectives Stringent quality control is an essential requisite of diagnostic laboratories to deliver consistent results. Measures used to assess the performance of a clinical chemistry laboratory are internal quality control and external quality assurance scheme (EQAS). However, the number of errors cannot be measured by the above but can be quantified by sigma metrics. The sigma scale varies from 0 to 6 with “6” being the ideal goal, which is calculated by using total allowable error (TEa), bias, and precision. However, there is no proper consensus for setting a TEa goal, and influence of this limiting factor during routine laboratory practice and sigma calculation has not been adequately determined. The study evaluates the impact of the choice of TEa value on sigma score derivation and also describes a detailed structured approach (followed by the study laboratory) to determine the potential causes of errors causing poor sigma score.

Materials and Methods The study was conducted at a clinical biochemistry laboratory of a central government tertiary care hospital. Internal and external quality control data were evaluated for a period of 5 months from October 2019 to February 2020. Three drugs (carbamazepine, phenytoin, and valproate) were evaluated on the sigma scale using two different TEa values to determine significant difference, if any.

Statistical Analysis Bias was calculated using the following formula: Bias% = (laboratory EQAS result − peer group mean) × 100 / peer group mean Peer group mean sigma metric was calculated using the standard equation: Sigma value = TEa − bias / coefficient of variation (CV)%.

Results Impressive sigma scores (> 3 sigma) for two out of three drugs were obtained with TEa value 25, while with TEa value 15, sigma score was distinctly dissimilar and warranted root cause analysis and corrective action plans to be implemented for both valproate and carbamazepine.

Conclusions The current study evidently recognizes that distinctly different sigma values can be obtained, depending on the TEa values selected, and using the same bias and precision values in the sigma equation. The laboratories should thereby choose appropriate TEa goals and make judicious use of sigma metric as a quality improvement tool.

Keywords

six sigma - internal quality control - external quality control - total allowable error

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Artikel online veröffentlicht:
21. Mai 2021

© 2021. The Indian Association of Laboratory Physicians. This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial-License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commercial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

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