Clin Colon Rectal Surg 2021; 34(05): 273-279
DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1726352
Review Article

Safety with Innovation in Colon and Rectal Robotic Surgery

Deborah S. Keller
1   Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California at Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California
,
Christina N. Jenkins
2   Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of General and Trauma Surgery, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, California
› Author Affiliations

Abstract

Robotic colorectal surgery has been touted as a possible way to overcome the limitations of laparoscopic surgery and has shown promise in rectal resections, thus shifting traditional open surgeons to a minimally invasive approach. The safety, efficacy, and learning curve have been established for most colorectal applications. With this and a robust sales and marketing model, utilization of the robot for colorectal surgery continues to grow steadily. However, this disruptive technology still requires standards for training, privileging and credentialing, and safe implementation into clinical practice.



Publication History

Article published online:
03 September 2021

© 2021. Thieme. All rights reserved.

Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc.
333 Seventh Avenue, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10001, USA

 
  • References

  • 1 Bonjer HJ, Hop WC, Nelson H. et al; Transatlantic Laparoscopically Assisted vs Open Colectomy Trials Study Group. Laparoscopically assisted vs open colectomy for colon cancer: a meta-analysis. Arch Surg 2007; 142 (03) 298-303
  • 2 Lacy AM, García-Valdecasas JC, Delgado S. et al. Laparoscopy-assisted colectomy versus open colectomy for treatment of non-metastatic colon cancer: a randomised trial. Lancet 2002; 359 (9325): 2224-2229
  • 3 Schwenk W, Haase O, Neudecker J, Müller JM. Short term benefits for laparoscopic colorectal resection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005; (03) CD003145
  • 4 Delaney CP, Kiran RP, Senagore AJ, Brady K, Fazio VW. Case-matched comparison of clinical and financial outcome after laparoscopic or open colorectal surgery. Ann Surg 2003; 238 (01) 67-72
  • 5 Delaney CP, Marcello PW, Sonoda T, Wise P, Bauer J, Techner L. Gastrointestinal recovery after laparoscopic colectomy: results of a prospective, observational, multicenter study. Surg Endosc 2010; 24 (03) 653-661
  • 6 Champagne BJ, Delaney CP. Laparoscopic approaches to rectal cancer. Clin Colon Rectal Surg 2007; 20 (03) 237-248
  • 7 Veldkamp R, Kuhry E, Hop WC. et al; COlon cancer Laparoscopic or Open Resection Study Group (COLOR). Laparoscopic surgery versus open surgery for colon cancer: short-term outcomes of a randomised trial. Lancet Oncol 2005; 6 (07) 477-484
  • 8 Delaney CP, Chang E, Senagore AJ, Broder M. Clinical outcomes and resource utilization associated with laparoscopic and open colectomy using a large national database. Ann Surg 2008; 247 (05) 819-824
  • 9 Carmichael JC, Masoomi H, Mills S, Stamos MJ, Nguyen NT. Utilization of laparoscopy in colorectal surgery for cancer at academic medical centers: does site of surgery affect rate of laparoscopy?. Am Surg 2011; 77 (10) 1300-1304
  • 10 Moghadamyeghaneh Z, Carmichael JC, Mills S, Pigazzi A, Nguyen NT, Stamos MJ. Variations in laparoscopic colectomy utilization in the United States. Dis Colon Rectum 2015; 58 (10) 950-956
  • 11 Kwoh YS, Hou J, Jonckheere EA, Hayati S. A robot with improved absolute positioning accuracy for CT guided stereotactic brain surgery. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 1988; 35 (02) 153-160
  • 12 Abdul-Muhsin H, Patel V. History of robotic surgery. In: Kim CH. ed. Robotics in General Surgery. New York, NY: Springer; 2014: 3-8
  • 13 Davies BL, Hibberd RD, Ng WS, Timoney AG, Wickham JE. The development of a surgeon robot for prostatectomies. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 1991; 205 (01) 35-38
  • 14 Leal Ghezzi T, Campos Corleta O. 30 years of robotic surgery. World J Surg 2016; 40 (10) 2550-2557
  • 15 Ewing DR, Pigazzi A, Wang Y, Ballantyne GH. Robots in the operating room--the history. Semin Laparosc Surg 2004; 11 (02) 63-71
  • 16 Sackier JM, Wang Y. Robotically assisted laparoscopic surgery. From concept to development. Surg Endosc 1994; 8 (01) 63-66
  • 17 Unger SW, Unger HM, Bass RT. AESOP robotic arm. Surg Endosc 1994; 8 (09) 1131
  • 18 Bacá I, Schultz C, Grzybowski L, Göetzen V. Voice-controlled robotic arm in laparoscopic surgery. Croat Med J 1999; 40 (03) 409-412
  • 19 Satava RM. Robotic surgery: from past to future--a personal journey. Surg Clin North Am 2003; 83 (06) 1491-1500 , xii xii
  • 20 Cuschieri A. Visual displays and visual perception in minimal access surgery. Semin Laparosc Surg 1995; 2 (03) 209-214
  • 21 Hanly EJ, Talamini MA. Robotic abdominal surgery. Am J Surg 2004; 188 (4A, suppl): 19S-26S
  • 22 Tsuda S, Oleynikov D, Gould J. et al. SAGES TAVAC safety and effectiveness analysis: da Vinci Surgical System (Intuitive Surgical, Sunnyvale, CA). Surg Endosc 2015; 29 (10) 2873-2884
  • 23 Taffinder N, Smith SG, Huber J, Russell RC, Darzi A. The effect of a second-generation 3D endoscope on the laparoscopic precision of novices and experienced surgeons. Surg Endosc 1999; 13 (11) 1087-1092
  • 24 Halabi WJ, Kang CY, Jafari MD. et al. Robotic-assisted colorectal surgery in the United States: a nationwide analysis of trends and outcomes. World J Surg 2013; 37 (12) 2782-2790
  • 25 Salman M, Bell T, Martin J, Bhuva K, Grim R, Ahuja V. Use, cost, complications, and mortality of robotic versus nonrobotic general surgery procedures based on a nationwide database. Am Surg 2013; 79 (06) 553-560
  • 26 Schootman M, Hendren S, Ratnapradipa K, Stringer L, Davidson NO. Adoption of robotic technology for treating colorectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 2016; 59 (11) 1011-1018
  • 27 Baek SJ, Kim CH, Cho MS. et al. Robotic surgery for rectal cancer can overcome difficulties associated with pelvic anatomy. Surg Endosc 2015; 29 (06) 1419-1424
  • 28 Scarpinata R, Aly EH. Does robotic rectal cancer surgery offer improved early postoperative outcomes?. Dis Colon Rectum 2013; 56 (02) 253-262
  • 29 Keller DS, Flores-Gonzalez JR, Ibarra S, Haas EM. Review of 500 single incision laparoscopic colorectal surgery cases - lessons learned. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22 (02) 659-667
  • 30 D'Annibale A, Morpurgo E, Fiscon V. et al. Robotic and laparoscopic surgery for treatment of colorectal diseases. Dis Colon Rectum 2004; 47 (12) 2162-2168
  • 31 Delaney CP, Lynch AC, Senagore AJ, Fazio VW. Comparison of robotically performed and traditional laparoscopic colorectal surgery. Dis Colon Rectum 2003; 46 (12) 1633-1639
  • 32 Baik SH, Ko YT, Kang CM. et al. Robotic tumor-specific mesorectal excision of rectal cancer: short-term outcome of a pilot randomized trial. Surg Endosc 2008; 22 (07) 1601-1608
  • 33 Baik SH, Kwon HY, Kim JS. et al. Robotic versus laparoscopic low anterior resection of rectal cancer: short-term outcome of a prospective comparative study. Ann Surg Oncol 2009; 16 (06) 1480-1487
  • 34 Delaney CP, Senagore AJ, Ponsky L. Robot-assisted surgery and health care costs. N Engl J Med 2010; 363 (22) 2175-2176 , author reply 2176
  • 35 Mirnezami AH, Mirnezami R, Venkatasubramaniam AK, Chandrakumaran K, Cecil TD, Moran BJ. Robotic colorectal surgery: hype or new hope? A systematic review of robotics in colorectal surgery. Colorectal Dis 2010; 12 (11) 1084-1093
  • 36 Lin S, Jiang HG, Chen ZH, Zhou SY, Liu XS, Yu JR. Meta-analysis of robotic and laparoscopic surgery for treatment of rectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17 (47) 5214-5220
  • 37 Ortiz-Oshiro E, Sánchez-Egido I, Moreno-Sierra J, Pérez CF, Díaz JS, Fernández-Represa JA. Robotic assistance may reduce conversion to open in rectal carcinoma laparoscopic surgery: systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Med Robot 2012; 8 (03) 360-370
  • 38 Shin JY. Comparison of short-term surgical outcomes between a robotic colectomy and a laparoscopic colectomy during early experience. J Korean Soc Coloproctol 2012; 28 (01) 19-26
  • 39 Trastulli S, Farinella E, Cirocchi R. et al. Robotic resection compared with laparoscopic rectal resection for cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis of short-term outcome. Colorectal Dis 2012; 14 (04) e134-e156
  • 40 Park SY, Choi GS, Park JS, Kim HJ, Ryuk JP. Short-term clinical outcome of robot-assisted intersphincteric resection for low rectal cancer: a retrospective comparison with conventional laparoscopy. Surg Endosc 2012
  • 41 Kim JY, Kim NK, Lee KY, Hur H, Min BS, Kim JH. A comparative study of voiding and sexual function after total mesorectal excision with autonomic nerve preservation for rectal cancer: laparoscopic versus robotic surgery. Ann Surg Oncol 2012; 19 (08) 2485-2493
  • 42 Yang Y, Wang F, Zhang P. et al. Robot-assisted versus conventional laparoscopic surgery for colorectal disease, focusing on rectal cancer: a meta-analysis. Ann Surg Oncol 2012; 19 (12) 3727-3736
  • 43 Memon S, Heriot AG, Murphy DG, Bressel M, Lynch AC. Robotic versus laparoscopic proctectomy for rectal cancer: a meta-analysis. Ann Surg Oncol 2012; 19 (07) 2095-2101
  • 44 Alasari S, Min BS. Robotic colorectal surgery: a systematic review. ISRN Surg 2012; 2012: 293894
  • 45 Baek SK, Carmichael JC, Pigazzi A. Robotic surgery: colon and rectum. Cancer J 2013; 19 (02) 140-146
  • 46 Keller DS, Senagore AJ, Lawrence JK, Champagne BJ, Delaney CP. Comparative effectiveness of laparoscopic versus robot-assisted colorectal resection. Surg Endosc 2013
  • 47 Trinh BB, Jackson NR, Hauch AT, Hu T, Kandil E. Robotic versus laparoscopic colorectal surgery. JSLS 2014; 18 (04) 18
  • 48 Xu H, Li J, Sun Y. et al. Robotic versus laparoscopic right colectomy: a meta-analysis. World J Surg Oncol 2014; 12: 274
  • 49 Kim CW, Kim CH, Baik SH. Outcomes of robotic-assisted colorectal surgery compared with laparoscopic and open surgery: a systematic review. J Gastrointest Surg 2014; 18 (04) 816-830
  • 50 Young M, Pigazzi A. Total mesorectal excision: open, laparoscopic or robotic. Recent Results Cancer Res 2014; 203: 47-55
  • 51 Akmal Y, Baek JH, McKenzie S, Garcia-Aguilar J, Pigazzi A. Robot-assisted total mesorectal excision: is there a learning curve?. Surg Endosc 2012; 26 (09) 2471-2476
  • 52 Aly EH. Robotic colorectal surgery: summary of the current evidence. Int J Colorectal Dis 2014; 29 (01) 1-8
  • 53 Kim IK, Kang J, Park YA, Kim NK, Sohn SK, Lee KY. Is prior laparoscopy experience required for adaptation to robotic rectal surgery?: feasibility of one-step transition from open to robotic surgery. Int J Colorectal Dis 2014; 29 (06) 693-699
  • 54 Kim YW, Lee HM, Kim NK, Min BS, Lee KY. The learning curve for robot-assisted total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech 2012; 22 (05) 400-405
  • 55 Chandra V, Nehra D, Parent R. et al. A comparison of laparoscopic and robotic assisted suturing performance by experts and novices. Surgery 2010; 147 (06) 830-839
  • 56 Jimenez-Rodriguez RM, Diaz-Pavon JM, de la Portilla de Juan F, Prendes-Sillero E, Dussort HC, Padillo J. Learning curve for robotic-assisted laparoscopic rectal cancer surgery. Int J Colorectal Dis 2012
  • 57 Bokhari MB, Patel CB, Ramos-Valadez DI, Ragupathi M, Haas EM. Learning curve for robotic-assisted laparoscopic colorectal surgery. Surg Endosc 2011; 25 (03) 855-860
  • 58 Kim HJ, Choi GS, Park JS, Park SY. Multidimensional analysis of the learning curve for robotic total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer: lessons from a single surgeon's experience. Dis Colon Rectum 2014; 57 (09) 1066-1074
  • 59 Vyas D, Cronin S. Peer review and surgical innovation: robotic surgery and its hurdles. Am J Robot Surg 2015; 2 (01) 39-44
  • 60 Fundamentals of Robotic Surgery. Accessed February 22, 2021 at: https://frsurgery.org
  • 61 Abboudi H, Khan MS, Aboumarzouk O. et al. Current status of validation for robotic surgery simulators - a systematic review. BJU Int 2012
  • 62 Catchpole K, Perkins C, Bresee C. et al. Safety, efficiency and learning curves in robotic surgery: a human factors analysis. Surg Endosc 2016; 30 (09) 3749-3761
  • 63 Gjeraa K, Spanager L, Konge L, Petersen RH, Østergaard D. Non-technical skills in minimally invasive surgery teams: a systematic review. Surg Endosc 2016; 30 (12) 5185-5199
  • 64 Yule S, Paterson-Brown S. Surgeons' non-technical skills. Surg Clin North Am 2012; 92 (01) 37-50