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CC BY 4.0 · TH Open 2020; 04(04): e309-e317
DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1718883
Original Article

Incidence of Upper Extremity Deep Vein Thrombosis in Acute Leukemia and Effect on Mortality

Christina Poh 
1   Center for Oncology Hematology Outcomes Research and Training (COHORT), Division of Hematology Oncology, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, United States
2   Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
,
Ann Brunson
1   Center for Oncology Hematology Outcomes Research and Training (COHORT), Division of Hematology Oncology, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, United States
,
Theresa Keegan
1   Center for Oncology Hematology Outcomes Research and Training (COHORT), Division of Hematology Oncology, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, United States
,
Ted Wun
1   Center for Oncology Hematology Outcomes Research and Training (COHORT), Division of Hematology Oncology, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, United States
3   UC Davis Clinical and Translational Science Center, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, United States
,
Anjlee Mahajan
1   Center for Oncology Hematology Outcomes Research and Training (COHORT), Division of Hematology Oncology, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, United States
› Author Affiliations Funding This work was supported by a grant from the National Center for Advancing Translational Science, National Institutes of Health (UL1 00001860) (T.W.).
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Abstract

The cumulative incidence, risk factors, rate of subsequent venous thromboembolism (VTE) and bleeding and impact on mortality of isolated upper extremity deep vein thrombosis (UE DVT) in acute leukemia are not well-described. The California Cancer Registry, used to identify treated patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) diagnosed between 2009 and 2014, was linked with the statewide hospitalization database to determine cumulative incidences of UE DVT and subsequent VTE and bleeding after UE DVT diagnosis. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to assess the association of UE DVT on the risk of subsequent pulmonary embolism (PE) or lower extremity deep vein thrombosis (LE DVT) and subsequent bleeding, and the impact of UE DVT on mortality. There were 5,072 patients identified: 3,252 had AML and 1,820 had ALL. Three- and 12-month cumulative incidences of UE DVT were 4.8% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.1–5.6) and 6.6% (95% CI: 5.8–7.5) for AML and 4.1% (95% CI: 3.2–5.1) and 5.9% (95% CI: 4.9–7.1) for ALL, respectively. Twelve-month cumulative incidences of subsequent VTE after an incident UE DVT diagnosis were 5.3% for AML and 12.2% for ALL. Twelve-month cumulative incidences of subsequent bleeding after an incident UE DVT diagnosis were 15.4% for AML and 21.1% for ALL. UE DVT was associated with an increased risk of subsequent bleeding for both AML (hazard ratio [HR]: 2.07; 95% CI: 1.60–2.68) and ALL (HR: 1.62; 95% CI: 1.02–2.57) but was not an independent risk factor for subsequent PE or LE DVT for either leukemia subtype. Isolated incident UE DVT was associated with increased leukemia-specific mortality for AML (HR: 1.42; 95% CI: 1.16–1.73) and ALL (HR: 1.80; 95% CI: 1.31–2.47). UE DVT is a relatively common complication among patients with AML and ALL and has a significant impact on bleeding and mortality. Further research is needed to determine appropriate therapy for this high-risk population.

Keywords

upper extremity deep vein thrombosis - deep vein thrombosis - venous thromboembolism - acute leukemia

Authors' Contributions

C.P. drafted the manuscript. A.M., A.B., T.K., and T.W. contributed to the writing of the manuscript. A.B. analyzed the data. All authors designed the study, made revisions, and approved the final manuscript.


Supplementary Material



Publication History

Received: 17 June 2020

Accepted: 14 September 2020

Article published online:
28 October 2020

© 2020. The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, permitting unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction so long as the original work is properly cited. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Stuttgart · New York

 

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