Download PDF
CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · Indian Journal of Neurotrauma 2021; 18(01): 79-83
DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1717217
Case Report

Burden of Moderate and Severe Head Injury in Kashmir Valley

Irfan Bhat
1   Department of Neurosurgery, Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
,
Nayil Malik
1   Department of Neurosurgery, Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
,
Kaiser Kareem
1   Department of Neurosurgery, Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
,
Altaf Ramzan
1   Department of Neurosurgery, Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
,
Hilal Sheikh
2   Department of Neurology, Shri Maharaja Hari Singh Hospital, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
,
Abrar Wani
1   Department of Neurosurgery, Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
,
Sarbjit Singh
1   Department of Neurosurgery, Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
,
Sajad Arif
1   Department of Neurosurgery, Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
,
Abdual Rashid
1   Department of Neurosurgery, Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
› Author Affiliations
› Further Information
   Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

Background Head injury is a major health hazard throughout the world. Overall, the mortality/morbidity has not changed much in the last few decades. In developing nations, the situation is worse.

Methods The study was conducted for a period of 1 year. The data collected include demographic profile, mode, circumstances and timing of the injury, neurological assessment using Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scoring, computed tomography (CT) scan findings, type of management, and outcome.

Results Transport-related injuries and falls were the common cause of head injury, with more severe injuries seen in patients without wearing helmets and seat belts. The youth is at high risk of receiving head injuries. The summer season showed a maximum incidence of head injuries. The most common lesions on CT scan were linear fracture of the skull and brain contusion. Mortality rate was 26% and it correlated with the GCS at presentation.

Conclusion Head injury mostly affects young people and males outnumber females. Road traffic accident is the major cause. People not abiding by the traffic rules, such as wearing helmets and seat belts, were at high risk of developing head injury and poor outcome.

Keywords

head injury - contusion - subdural hematoma - moderate head injury - severe head injury - burden of head injury


Publication History

Article published online:
29 September 2020

© 2020. Neurotrauma Society of India. This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial-License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commercial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Thieme Medical and Scientific Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
A-12, 2nd Floor, Sector 2, Noida-201301 UP, India

 

  • References

  • 1 Farooqui JM, Chavan KD, Bangal RS. et al. Pattern of injury in fatal road traffic accidents in a rural area of western Maharashtra, India. Australas Med J 2013; 6 (09) 476-482
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Amaranath JE, Ramanan M, Reagh J. et al. Epidemiology of traumatic head injury from a major paediatric trauma centre in New South Wales, Australia. ANZ J Surg 2014; 84 (06) 424-428
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Borg J, Röe C, Nordenbo A, Andelic N, de Boussard C, af Geijerstam JL. Trends and challenges in the early rehabilitation of patients with traumatic brain injury: a Scandinavian perspective. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2011; 90 (01) 65-73
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Teasdale G, Jennett B. Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness. A practical scale. Lancet 1974; 2 (7872) 81-84
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Jennett B, Bond M. Assessment of outcome after severe brain damage. Lancet 1975; 1 (7905) 480-484
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Anil MB, Rahul P, Amit A, Joharapurkar SR. Demographic profile, clinical presentation, management options in cranio-cerebral trauma: an experience of a rural hospital in Central India. Pak J Med Sci 2007; 23 (05) 724-727
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Monsef V Kasmaei, Asadi P, Zohrevandi B, Raouf MT. An epidemiologic study of traumatic brain injuries in emergency department. Emergency (Tehran) 2015; 3 (04) 141-145
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Paiva WS, Oliveira AM, Andrade AF, Amorim RL, Lourenço LJ, Teixeira MJ. Spinal cord injury and its association with blunt head trauma. Int J Gen Med 2011; 4: 613-615
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Yattoo G, Tabish A. The profile of head injuries and traumatic brain injury deaths in Kashmir. J Trauma Manag Outcomes 2008; 2 (01) 5
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Chalya PL, Kanumba ES, Mabula JB, Giiti G, Gilyoma JM. Aetiological spectrum, injury characteristics and treatment outcome of head injury patients at Bugando Medical Centre in north-western Tanzania. Tanzan J Health Res 2011; 13 (01) 74-81
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Patil SS, Kakade R, Durgawale P, Kakade S. Pattern of road traffic injuries: a study from Western Maharashtra. Indian J Community Med 2008; 33 (01) 56-57
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Pedersen K, Fahlstedt M, Jacobsson A. Kleiven S, von Holst H. A national survey of traumatic brain injuries admitted to hospitals in Sweden from 1987 to 2010. Neuroepidemiology 2015; 45 (01) 20-27
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Adeleye AO, Olowookere KG, Olayemi OO. Clinicoepidemiological profiles and outcomes during first hospital admission of head injury patients in Ikeja, Nigeria. A prospective cohort study. Neuroepidemiology 2009; 32 (02) 136-141
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Ravikumar R. Patterns of head injuries in road traffic accidents involving two wheelers: an autopsy study. J Indian Acad Forensic Med 2013; 35 (04) 342-359
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Styrke J, Stålnacke BM, Sojka P, Björnstig U. Traumatic brain injuries in a well-defined population: epidemiological aspects and severity. J Neurotrauma 2007; 24 (09) 1425-1436
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Singha Y, Das G, Phukon S. Pattern of head injuries in fatal RTA’s in tertiary care hospital, Assam. Int Med J 2014; 1 (04) 149-152
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Singh A, Meena RN, Sharma V, Kumar N, Meena LP. Evaluation of the incidence, nature of injury and clinical outcomes of head injuries in North-Eastern part of India. Int J Med Sci Public Health 2013; 2: 287-289
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Caradoc-Davies TH, Dixon GS. Hospital morbidity due to head injuries in New Zealand in 1980-1988. Neuroepidemiology 1995; 14 (04) 199-208
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Gbalipre FB, Cliford OE. Pattern, outcome and management of head injury by general surgeons at the accident and emergency department of the Niger Delta University teaching hospital (Nduth) Okolobiri, Bayelsa state of Nigeria. Palgo J Med Medical Sci 2014; 1: 1-6
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Hassan N, Ali M, Haq NU. et al. Etiology, clinical presentation and outcome of traumatic brain injury patients presenting to a teaching hospital of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. J Postgrad Med Inst 2017; 31 (04) 365-370
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Kool B, Chelimo C, Ameratunga S. Head injury incidence and mortality in New Zealand over 10 years. Neuroepidemiology 2013; 41 (3-4) 189-197
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 McIntyre A, Mehta S, Aubut J, Dijkers M, Teasell RW. Mortality among older adults after a traumatic brain injury: a meta-analysis. Brain Inj 2013; 27 (01) 31-40
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Rajeev K, Ashish J, Jayanthi Y, Dubey B. Pattern and distribution of head injuries in fatal road traffic accidents in Bhopal region of Central India. J Indian Acad Forensic Med 2015; 37 (03) 242-245
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Servadei F, Verlicchi A, Soldano F, Zanotti B, Piffer S. Descriptive epidemiology of head injury in Romagna and Trentino. Comparison between two geographically different Italian regions. Neuroepidemiology 2002; 21 (06) 297-304
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Andriessen TM, Horn J, Franschman G. et al. Epidemiology, severity classification, and outcome of moderate and severe traumatic brain injury: a prospective multicenter study. J Neurotrauma 2011; 28 (10) 2019-2031
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar