Abstract
Introduction In patients with venous thromboembolism (VTE), direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs)
such as edoxaban, apixaban, dabigatran, and rivaroxaban are more convenient, safer,
and just as effective as vitamin K antagonists (VKAs). Limited information is known
about the effects of patient characteristics on VTE efficacy and safety of DOACs compared
with VKAs, without appropriate effect modifier adjustment comparisons of DOACs may
be biased. This study considers the effect of variables that can modify the efficacy
and safety of edoxaban and warfarin, using patient-level data.
Materials and Methods The primary efficacy and safety outcomes in the HOKUSAI-VTE study were VTE recurrence
and clinically relevant bleeding, respectively. Potential effect modifiers were age,
creatinine clearance, and weight. The relationship between the percentage of time
in international normalized ratio (INR) control and outcomes were considered for the
warfarin arm. Univariate and multivariate regression were performed for each patient
characteristic.
Results The relationship between treatment and VTE recurrence differed by age (interaction
p = 0.007) and by creatinine clearance (p = 0.05). VTE recurrence differed by age for patients in the warfarin arm but not
for those in the edoxaban arm and differed by INR control in the warfarin arm (p < 0.005). A stronger relationship between creatinine clearance and clinically relevant
bleeding was found in the warfarin arm than in the edoxaban arm (p = 0.04). Clinically relevant bleeding differed by the percentage of time in INR control
in the warfarin arm (p < 0.005). Age appeared to be a more important effect modifier than creatinine clearance
in patients with VTE.
Discussion The finding that efficacy in older patients was greater for those taking edoxaban
than for those taking warfarin in the HOKUSAI-VTE study needs further investigation.
Modification of the treatment effect by age for those taking warfarin might bias estimates
of comparative effectiveness among DOACs if VKAs are the reference treatment.
Keywords
venous thrombosis - edoxaban - warfarin - creatinine - effect modification - age
