Abstract
Physical activity (PA) increases bone mass and bone strength through different mechanisms
and also reduces the risk of falls in the elderly, through proprioception and balance
training. The benefits seen in adolescence continue into adulthood. Exercise delays
and attenuates the effects of osteoporosis, and particular sports activities may be
recommended to improve bone mineral density (BMD) of the spine or regional BMD, improve
balance, and prevent falls. Stress injuries related to exercise are more common in
osteopenic and osteoporotic individuals.
Sports activity may in some cases be detrimental for bone health, with nutrition restriction
a frequent cause for negative effects of the practice of PA on bone. The examples
are the so-called female athlete triad of menstrual dysfunction resulting in reduced
estrogen levels, low energy due to malnutrition, and decreased BMD. A similar triad
is described in male athletes. This review analyzes the effects of sport on bone metabolism
and in particular its relationship with metabolic bone disease.
Keywords
sports - osteoporosis - female athlete triad syndrome - fractures - stress
