Download PDF
Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 2020; 24(05): 488-498
DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1701494
Review Article

Imaging Anatomy of the Jaw and Dentition with Cone Beam Computed Tomography

Kathleen Dhont
1   Department of Radiology, GZA Hospitals, Antwerp, Belgium
2   Department of Radiology, UZ Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
,
Anja Bernaerts
1   Department of Radiology, GZA Hospitals, Antwerp, Belgium
,
Charlotte Vanhoenacker
2   Department of Radiology, UZ Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
,
Filip M. Vanhoenacker
3   Department of Radiology, AZ Sint-Maarten, Mechelen, Belgium
4   Department of Radiology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
5   Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
,
Bert De Foer
1   Department of Radiology, GZA Hospitals, Antwerp, Belgium
› Author Affiliations
› Further Information
Also available at
    Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

Knowledge of dental, maxillary, and mandibular anatomy and the use of correct nomenclature is critical in the evaluation of a mandibulofacial and/or maxillofacial imaging data set. The use of the correct diagnostic imaging tool tailored to the patient's needs is of equal importance. This article highlights imaging anatomy and cross-sectional imaging modalities mainly focusing on cone beam computed tomography of the mandibulofacial and maxillofacial region.

Keywords

cone beam computed tomography - teeth anatomy - jaw anatomy - anatomical variations


Publication History

Article published online:
09 October 2020

© 2020. Thieme. All rights reserved.

Thieme Medical Publishers
333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.

 

  • References

  • 1 Brown J, Jacobs R, Levring Jäghagen E. , et al; European Academy of DentoMaxilloFacial Radiology. Basic training requirements for the use of dental CBCT by dentists: a position paper prepared by the European Academy of DentoMaxilloFacial Radiology. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2014; 43 (01) 20130291
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Carter L, Farman AG, Geist J. , et al; American Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology. American Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology executive opinion statement on performing and interpreting diagnostic cone beam computed tomography. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2008; 106 (04) 561-562
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Horner K, Islam M, Flygare L, Tsiklakis K, Whaites E. Basic principles for use of dental cone beam computed tomography: consensus guidelines of the European Academy of Dental and Maxillofacial Radiology. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2009; 38 (04) 187-195
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Kailash S. CBCT—cone beam computed tomography. J Acad Dent Educ 2014; 1 (01) 9-15
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Scarfe WC, Farman AG. What is cone-beam CT and how does it work?. Dent Clin North Am 2008; 52 (04) 707-730 , v
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Silverman PM, Kalender WA, Hazle JD. Common terminology for single and multislice helical CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2001; 176 (05) 1135-1136
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Miracle AC, Mukherji SK. Conebeam CT of the head and neck, part 1: physical principles. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2009; 30 (06) 1088-1095
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Abramovitch K, Rice DD. Basic principles of cone beam computed tomography. Dent Clin North Am 2014; 58 (03) 463-484
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Venkatesh E, Elluru SV. Cone beam computed tomography: basics and applications in dentistry. J Istanb Univ Fac Dent 2017; 51 (03) (Suppl. 01) S102-S121
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Goldman LW. Principles of CT and CT technology. J Nucl Med Technol 2007; 35 (03) 115-128 ; quiz 129–130
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Nemtoi A, Czink C, Haba D, Gahleitner A. Cone beam CT: a current overview of devices. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2013; 42 (08) 20120443
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Palomo JM, Rao PS, Hans MG, Cleveland C. Influence of CBCT exposure conditions on radiation dose. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2008; 105 (06) 773-782
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Scarfe WC, Li Z, Aboelmaaty W, Scott SA, Farman AG. Maxillofacial cone beam computed tomography: essence, elements and steps to interpretation. Aust Dent J 2012; 57 (Suppl. 01) 46-60
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Pauwels R, Beinsberger J, Collaert B. , et al; SEDENTEXCT Project Consortium. Effective dose range for dental cone beam computed tomography scanners. Eur J Radiol 2012; 81 (02) 267-271
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Loubele M, Bogaerts R, Van Dijck E. et al. Comparison between effective radiation dose of CBCT and MSCT scanners for dentomaxillofacial applications. Eur J Radiol 2009; 71 (03) 461-468
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Ludlow JB, Timothy R, Walker C. et al. Effective dose of dental CBCT-a meta-analysis of published data and additional data for nine CBCT units. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2015; 44 (01) 20140197
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Carrafiello G, Dizonno M, Colli V. et al. Comparative study of jaws with multislice computed tomography and cone-beam computed tomography. Radiol Med (Torino) 2010; 115 (04) 600-611
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Hofmann E, Schmid M, Lell M, Hirschfelder U. Cone beam computed tomography and low-dose multislice computed tomography in orthodontics and dentistry: a comparative evaluation on image quality and radiation exposure. J Orofac Orthop 2014; 75 (05) 384-398
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Li G. Patient radiation dose and protection from cone-beam computed tomography. Imaging Sci Dent 2013; 43 (02) 63-69
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Signorelli L, Patcas R, Peltomäki T, Schätzle M. Radiation dose of cone-beam computed tomography compared to conventional radiographs in orthodontics. J Orofac Orthop 2016; 77 (01) 9-15
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Baba R, Ueda K, Okabe M. Using a flat-panel detector in high resolution cone beam CT for dental imaging. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2004; 33 (05) 285-290
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Flint DJ, Casian Ruiz Velasco R. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) applications in dentistry. Available at: https://www.dentalcare.com/en-us/professional-education/ce-courses/ce531 . Accessed October 27, 2019
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Feldkamp LA, Davis LC, Kress JW. Practical cone-beam algorithm. J Opt Soc Am A 1984; 1: 612-619
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Vandenberghe B, Jacobs R, Bosmans H. Modern dental imaging: a review of the current technology and clinical applications in dental practice. Eur Radiol 2010; 20 (11) 2637-2655
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Tolentino ES, Yamashita FC, de Albuquerque S. et al. Reliability and accuracy of linear measurements in cone-beam computed tomography using different software programs and voxel sizes. J Conserv Dent 2018; 21 (06) 607-612
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Jeong DK, Lee SC, Huh KH. et al. Comparison of effective dose for imaging of mandible between multi-detector CT and cone-beam CT. Imaging Sci Dent 2012; 42 (02) 65-70
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Widmann G, Al-Ekrish AA. Ultralow dose MSCT imaging in dental implantology. Open Dent J 2018; 12 (01) 87-93
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Cohnen M, Kemper J, Möbes O, Pawelzik J, Mödder U. Radiation dose in dental radiology. Eur Radiol 2002; 12 (03) 634-637
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Schulze R, Heil U, Gross D. et al. Artefacts in CBCT: a review. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2011; 40 (05) 265-273
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Scarfe WC, Farman AG, Sukovic P. Clinical applications of cone-beam computed tomography in dental practice. J Can Dent Assoc 2006; 72 (01) 75-80
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Lee RD. Common image artifacts in cone beam CT. AADMRT Newsletter. Available at: https://www.endoexperience.com/documents/CommonImageArtifactsinConeBeamCT.pdf . Accessed October 27, 2019
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Pauwels R, Araki K, Siewerdsen JH, Thongvigitmanee SS. Technical aspects of dental CBCT: state of the art. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2015; 44 (01) 20140224
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Harris D, Buser D, Dula K. et al. E.A.O. guidelines for the use of diagnostic imaging in implant dentistry. Clin Oral Implants Res 2002; 13: 566-570
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Tischler M. In-office cone beam computerized tomography: technology review and clinical examples. Dent Today 2008; 27 (06) 102-106 , 104, 106
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Katheria BC, Kau CH, Tate R, Chen J-W, English J, Bouquot J. Effectiveness of impacted and supernumerary tooth diagnosis from traditional radiography versus cone beam computed tomography. Pediatr Dent 2010; 32 (04) 304-309
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Jacobs R. Dental cone beam CT and its justified use in oral health care. JBR-BTR 2011; 94 (05) 254-265
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Cotton TP, Geisler TM, Holden DT, Schwartz SA, Schindler WG. Endodontic applications of cone-beam volumetric tomography. J Endod 2007; 33 (09) 1121-1132
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Jaju PP, Jaju SP. Clinical utility of dental cone-beam computed tomography: current perspectives. Clin Cosmet Investig Dent 2014; 6: 29-43
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Guttenberg SA. Oral and maxillofacial pathology in three dimensions. Dent Clin North Am 2008; 52 (04) 843-873 , viii
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Bernardes RA, de Moraes IG, Húngaro Duarte MA, Azevedo BC, de Azevedo JR, Bramante CM. Use of cone-beam volumetric tomography in the diagnosis of root fractures. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2009; 108 (02) 270-277
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Kjaer I. Mechanism of human tooth eruption: review article including a new theory for future studies on the eruption process. Forum Ortodon 2015; 11 (03) 189-209
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Abrahams JJ. Dental CT imaging: a look at the jaw. Radiology 2001; 219 (02) 334-345
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 43 Razumova S, Brago A, Khaskhanova L, Howijieh A, Barakat H, Manvelyan A. A cone-beam computed tomography scanning of the root canal system of permanent teeth among the Moscow population. Int J Dent 2018; 2018: 2615746
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Weine FS, Healey HJ, Gerstein H, Evanson L. Canal configuration in the mesiobuccal root of the maxillary first molar and its endodontic significance. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1969; 28 (03) 419-425
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 45 Vertucci FJ. Root canal anatomy of the human permanent teeth. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1984; 58 (05) 589-599
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 46 Bansal R, Hegde S, Astekar MS. Classification of root canal configurations: a review and a new proposal of nomenclature system for root canal configuration. J Clin Diagn Res 2018; 12 (05) ZE01-ZE06
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 47 Ahmed HMA, Versiani MA, De-Deus G, Dummer PMH. A new system for classifying root and root canal morphology. Int Endod J 2017; 50 (08) 761-770
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 48 Scheinfeld MH, Shifteh K, Avery LL, Dym H, Dym RJ. Teeth: what radiologists should know. Radiographics 2012; 32 (07) 1927-1944
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 49 Sims T, Takei HH, Ammons WF, Harrington GW. Furcation: involvement and treatment. In: Newman MG, Takei H, Klokkevold PR, Carranza FA. , eds. Carranza's Clinical Periodontology. 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2012: 589-593
    Google Scholar
  • 50 Thakur AR, Burde K, Guttal K, Naikmasur VG. Anatomy and morphology of the nasopalatine canal using cone-beam computed tomography. Imaging Sci Dent 2013; 43 (04) 273-281
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 51 McCrea SJJ. Aberrations causing neurovascular damage in the anterior maxilla during dental implant placement. Case Rep Dent 2017; 2017: 5969643
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 52 McCrea SJ. Nasopalatine duct cyst, a delayed complication to successful dental implant placement: diagnosis and surgical management. J Oral Implantol 2014; 40 (02) 189-195
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 53 Bahşi I, Orhan M, Kervancıoğlu P, Yalçın ED, Aktan AM. Anatomical evaluation of nasopalatine canal on cone beam computed tomography images. Folia Morphol (Warsz) 2019; 78 (01) 153-162
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 54 Jones FW. The anterior superior alveolar nerve and vessels. J Anat 1939; 73 (Pt 4): 583-591
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 55 Machado VC, Chrcanovic BR, Felippe MB, Manhães Júnior LR, de Carvalho PS. Assessment of accessory canals of the canalis sinuosus: a study of 1000 cone beam computed tomography examinations. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2016; 45 (12) 1586-1591
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 56 von Arx T, Lozanoff S, Sendi P, Bornstein MM. Assessment of bone channels other than the nasopalatine canal in the anterior maxilla using limited cone beam computed tomography. Surg Radiol Anat 2013; 35 (09) 783-790
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 57 Manhães Júnior LRC, Villaça-Carvalho MFL, Moraes MEL, Lopes SL, Silva MB, Junqueira JL. Location and classification of Canalis sinuosus for cone beam computed tomography: avoiding misdiagnosis. Braz Oral Res 2016; 30 (01) e49
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 58 von Arx T, Häfliger J, Chappuis V. Neurosensory disturbances following bone harvesting in the symphysis: a prospective clinical study. Clin Oral Implants Res 2005; 16 (04) 432-439
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 59 Tepper G, Hofschneider UB, Gahleitner A, Ulm C. Computed tomographic diagnosis and localization of bone canals in the mandibular interforaminal region for prevention of bleeding complications during implant surgery. 2001; 16 (01) 68-72
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 60 Longoni S, Sartori M, Braun M. et al. Lingual vascular canals of the mandible: the risk of bleeding complications during implant procedures. Implant Dent 2007; 16 (02) 131-138
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 61 Aydin U, Yildirim D, Horasan AS. Mandibular accessory foramina and canals: cone-beam computed tomography findings. Poster presented at: European Society of Head and Neck Radiology (ESHNR) 28th Annual Meeting and Refresher Course; September 24–26, 2015; Krakow, Poland
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 62 Gahleitner A, Watzek G, Imhof H. Dental CT: imaging technique, anatomy, and pathologic conditions of the jaws. Eur Radiol 2003; 13 (02) 366-376
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 63 de Freitas GB. de Freitas e Silva A, Morais LA, Felippe Silva MB, da Silva TCG, Manhães Júnior LRC. Incidence and classification of bifid mandibular canals using cone beam computed tomography. Braz J Oral Sci 2015; 14 (04) 294-298
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 64 Naitoh M, Hiraiwa Y, Aimiya H, Ariji E. Observation of bifid mandibular canal using cone-beam computerized tomography. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2009; 24 (01) 155-159
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 65 Jacobs R, Mraiwa N, vanSteenberghe D, Gijbels F, Quirynen M. Appearance, location, course, and morphology of the mandibular incisive canal: an assessment on spiral CT scan. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2002; 31 (05) 322-327
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 66 Apostolakis D, Brown JE. The dimensions of the mandibular incisive canal and its spatial relationship to various anatomical landmarks of the mandible: a study using cone beam computed tomography. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2013; 28 (01) 117-124
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 67 Sekerci AE, Sisman Y, Payveren MA. Evaluation of location and dimensions of mandibular lingual foramina using cone-beam computed tomography. Surg Radiol Anat 2014; 36 (09) 857-864
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 68 Kilic E, Doganay S, Ulu M, Çelebi N, Yikilmaz A, Alkan A. Determination of lingual vascular canals in the interforaminal region before implant surgery to prevent life-threatening bleeding complications. Clin Oral Implants Res 2014; 25 (02) e90-e93
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar