Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of grape seed extract containing
cyanidin on osteoclastogenesis (by means of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κ
B ligand [RANKL] and osteoprotegerin [OPG] levels) and the number of osteoclasts during
orthodontic relapse in Wistar rats.
Materials and Methods This study is an in vivo quasi experimental research. A total of 32 male Wistar rats were used in the study,
which were randomly split equally into two groups, grape seed (GS) and control group
(CG). All rats were given an orthodontic force of 35 cN using a stainless steel 3-spin
coil spring that was activated for 7 days and then conditioned to be passive. During
this phase, the GS group was administered grape seed extract containing cyanidin once
per day. Orthodontic appliances were removed from both groups afterward, and then
the alveolar bone tissue was isolated consecutively according to observation days
(days 1, 3, 7, and 14), while OPG and RANKL levels were analyzed in their gingival
crevicular fluid using a specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Tissues
were then stained with hematoxylin–eosin (H&E) and observed under a light microscope
to count the number of osteoclast cells. Data were analyzed statistically using an
independent t-test (p < 0.05).
Results The number of osteoclasts in the GS group was significantly lower than that in the
CG group on all experiment days (p = 0.021; p = 0.001; p = 0.024; p = 0.001; p < 0.05). ELISA results showed that the RANKL level of the GS group was significantly
lower on days 3 and 7 (p = 0.025; p = 0.039; p < 0.05), while the OPG level was significantly higher on days 1 and 3 in the GS group
than in the CG group (p = 0.039; p = 0.021; p < 0.05).
Conclusion Grape seed extract can prevent postorthodontic relapse movement by inhibiting osteoclastogenesis
and reducing the number of osteoclasts in Wistar rats.
Keywords
orthodontic relapse - grape seed extract - cyanidin - osteoclast - osteoprotegerin
