Download PDF
CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · Indian J Plast Surg 2009; 42(S 01): S129-S136
DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1699386
Review Article
Association of Plastic Surgeons of India

Velo-pharyngeal dysfunction: Evaluation and management

Jeffrey L. Marsh
Department of Plastic Surgery, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis MO, USA
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
15 January 2020 (online)

Also available at
  PDF Download Permissions and Reprints
 

  • REFERENCES

  • 1 Folkins JW. Velopharyngeal nomenclature: incompetence, inadequacy, insufficiency, and dysfunction. Cleft Palate J 1988;25:413-6.
  • 2 Loney RW, Bloem TJ. Velopharyngeal dysfunction: recommendations for use of nomenclature. Cleft Palate J 1987;24:334-5.
  • 3 Jones DL. Velopharyngeal function and dysfunction. Clin Commun Disord 1991;1:19-25.
  • 4 Peterson-Falzone S, Hardin-Jones M, et al. Cleft Palate Speech. St. Louis: Mosby; 2001.
  • 5 Pannbacker M. Velopharyngeal incompetence: the need for speech standards. Am J Speech Lang Pathol 2004;13:195-201.
  • 6 Philips BJ. Perceptual evaluation of velopharyngeal competency. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol Suppl 1980;89:153-7.
  • 7 Croft CB, Shprintzen RJ, Rakoff SJ. Patterns of velopharyngeal valving in normal and cleft palate subjects: a multi-view videofluoroscopic and nasendoscopic study. Laryngoscope 1981;91:265-71.
  • 8 Sinclair SW, Davies DM, Bracka A. Comparative reliability of nasal pharyngoscopy and videofluorography in the assessment of velopharyngeal incompetence. Br J Plast Surg 1982;35: 113-7.
  • 9 Stringer DA, Witzel MA. Comparison of multi-view videofluoroscopy and nasopharyngoscopy in the assessment of velopharyngeal insufficiency. Cleft Palate J 1989;26:88-92.
  • 10 Marsh JL. Management of velopharyngeal dysfunction: differential diagnosis for differential management. J Craniofac Surg 2003;14:621-8.
  • 11 Peat BG, Albery EH, Jones K, Pigott RW. Tailoring velopharyngeal surgery: the influence of etiology and type of operation. Plast Reconstr Surg 1994;93:948-53.
  • 12 D'Antonio LL, Marsh JL, Province MA, Muntz HR, Phillips CJ. Reliability of flexible fiberoptic nasopharyngoscopy for evaluation of velopharyngeal function in a clinical population. Cleft Palate J 1989;26:217-25.
  • 13 Golding-Kushner KJ, Argamaso RV, Cotton RT, Grames LM, Henningsson G, Jones DL, et al. Standardization for the reporting of nasopharyngoscopy and multiview videofluoroscopy: a report from an International Working Group. Cleft Palate J 1990;27: 337-47.
  • 14 Dalston RM, Warren DW. Comparison of Tonar II, pressure-flow, and listener judgments of hypernasality in the assessment of velopharyngeal function. Cleft Palate J 1986;23:108-15.
  • 15 Dalston RM, Warren DW, Dalston ET. The identification of nasal obstruction through clinical judgments of hyponasality and nasometric assessment of speech acoustics. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1991;100:59-65.
  • 16 Hardin MA, Van Demark DR, Morris HL, Payne MM. Correspondence between nasalance scores and listener judgments of hypernasality and hyponasality. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 1992;29:346-51.
  • 17 Witt PD, Marsh JL, McFarland EG, Riski JE. The evolution of velopharyngeal imaging. Annals of Plastic Surgery 2000;45: 665-73.
  • 18 Sweeney T, Sell D. Relationship between perceptual ratings of nasality and nasometry in children/adolescents with cleft palate and/or velopharyngeal dysfunction. Int J Lang Commun Disord 2008;43:265-82.
  • 19 Albery EH, Bennett JA, Pigott RW, Simmons RM. The results of 100 operations for velopharyngeal incompetence--selected on the findings of endoscopic and radiological examination. Br J Plast Surg 1982;35:118-26.
  • 20 Sommerlad BC, Mehendale FV, Birch MJ, Sell D, Hattee C, Harland K. Palate re-repair revisited. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2002;39:295-307.
  • 21 Marsh JL, O'Daniel TG. Management of velopharyngeal dysfunction: A surgeon's viewpoint. Problems in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 1992;2:86-111.
  • 22 Mount D, Marsh J. Outcome of sphincter pharyngoplasty. Presented at the American Association of Plastic Surgeons. Charleston SC, 2002.
  • 23 Witt PD, Miller DC, Marsh JL, Muntz HR, Grames LM. Limited value of preoperative cervical vascular imaging in patients with velocardiofacial syndrome. Plast Reconstr Surg 1998;101: 1184-95.
  • 24 Marsh JL, Wray RC. Speech prosthesis versus pharyngeal flap: a randomized evaluation of the management of velopharyngeal incompetency. Plast Reconstr Surg 1980;65:592-4.
  • 25 Sell D, Mars M, Worrell E. Process and outcome study of multidisciplinary prosthetic treatment for velopharyngeal dysfunction. Int J Lang Commun Disord 2006;41:495-511.
  • 26 Turner GE, Williams WN. Fluoroscopy and nasoendoscopy in designing palatal lift prostheses. J Prosthet Dent 1991;66:63-71.
  • 27 Shifman A, Finkelstein Y, Nachmani A, Ophir D. Speech-aid prostheses for neurogenic velopharyngeal incompetence. J Prosthet Dent 2000;83:99-106.
  • 28 Riski JE, Gordon D. Prosthetic management of neurogenic velopharyngeal incompetency. N C Dent J 1979;62:24-6.
  • 29 Becker DB, Grames LM, Pilgram T, Kane AA, Marsh JL. The effect of timing of surgery for velopharyngeal dysfunction on speech. J Craniofac Surg 2004;15:804-9.
  • 30 Lam E, Hundert S, Wilkes GH. Lateral pharyngeal wall and velar movement and tailoring velopharyngeal surgery: determinants of velopharyngeal incompetence resolution in patients with cleft palate. Plast Reconstr Surg 2007;120:495-505.
  • 31 Kravath RE, Pollak CP, Borowiecki B, Weitzman ED. Obstructive sleep apnea and death associated with surgical correction of velopharyngeal incompetence. J Pediatr 1980;96:645-8.
  • 32 32 Witt PD, O'Daniel TG, Marsh JL, Grames LM, Muntz HR, Pilgram TK. Surgical management of velopharyngeal dysfunction: Outcome analysis of autogenous posterior pharyngeal wall augmentation. Plast Reconstr Surg 1997;99:1287-96.
  • 33 D'Antonio LL, Eichenberg BJ, Zimmerman GJ, Patel S, Riski JE, Herber SC, et al. Radiographic and aerodynamic measures of velopharyngeal anatomy and function following Furlow Z-plasty. Plast Reconstr Surg 2000;106:550-3.
  • 34 Perkins JA, Lewis CW, Gruss JS, Eblen LE, Sie KC. Furlow palatoplasty for management of velopharyngeal insufficiency: a prospective study of 148 consecutive patients. Plast Reconstr Surg 2005;116:72-80.
  • 35 Abyholm F, D'Antonio L, Davidson Ward SL, Kjłll L, Saeed M, Shaw W, et al. Pharyngeal flap and sphincterplasty for velopharyngeal insufficiency have equal outcome at 1 year postoperatively: results of a randomized trial. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2005;42:501-11
  • 36 Dailey SA, Karnell MP, Karnell LH, Canady JW. Comparison of resonance outcomes after pharyngeal flap and Furlow double-opposing z-plasty for surgical management of velopharyngeal incompetence. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2006;43:38-43.
  • 37 Losken A, Williams JK, Burstein FD, Malick D, Riski JE. An outcome evaluation of sphincter pharyngoplasty for the management of velopharyngeal insufficiency. Plast Reconstr Surg 2003;112:1755-61.
  • 38 Seagle MB, Mazaheri MK, Dixon-Wood VL, Williams WN. Evaluation and treatment of velopharyngeal insufficiency: the University of Florida experience. Ann Plast Surg 2002;48: 464-70.
  • 39 Ysunza A, Pamplona C, Ramírez E, Molina F, Mendoza M, Silva A. Velopharyngeal surgery: a prospective randomized study of pharyngeal flaps and sphincter pharyngoplasties. Plast Reconstr Surg 2002;110: 1401-7.
  • 40 Yamashita RP, Trindade IE. Long-term effects of pharyngeal flaps on the upper airways of subjects with velopharyngeal insufficiency. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2008;45:364-70.
  • 41 Saint Raymond C, Bettega G, Deschaux C, Lebeau J, Raphael B, Lévy P, et al. Sphincter pharyngoplasty as a treatment of velopharyngeal incompetence in young people: a prospective evaluation of effects on sleep structure and sleep respiratory disturbances. Chest 2004;125:864-71.
  • 42 Liao YF, Noordhoff MS, Huang CS, Chen PK, Chen NH, Yun C, et al. Comparison of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in children with cleft palate following Furlow palatoplasty or pharyngeal flap for velopharyngeal insufficiency. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2004;41:152-6.
  • 43 Witt PD, Miller DC, Marsh JL, Muntz HR, Grames LM, Pilgram TK. Perception of post-palatoplasty speech differences in school-age children by parents, teachers, and professional speech pathologists. Plast Reconstr Surg 1997;100:1655-63.
  • 44 Sabry MZ, Marsh JL. The efficacy of pharyngeal flap in the management of velopharyngeal dysfunction. Presented at the American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association, Asheville NC: 2003.
  • 45 Marsh JL. Sphincter Pharyngoplasty. In: Losee JE, Kirchner RE, editors. Comprehensive Cleft Care. New York: McGraw Hill; 2009. p. 665-71.