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Open Access
CC BY 4.0 · VCOT Open 2019; 02(02): e16-e24
DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1693441
Original Article
Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Mitigation of Antibiotic-Inducted Toxicity in Equine Chondrocytes by Soybean/Glucosamine/Chondroitin Combination

Authors

  • Cathleen A. Mochal-King

    1   College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, United States

  • Ann M. Rashmir 

    2   College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States

  • Lowella V. Fortuno

    3   Department of Research and Development, Nutramax Laboratories, Inc., Edgewood, Maryland, United States

  • Mark W. Grzanna

    3   Department of Research and Development, Nutramax Laboratories, Inc., Edgewood, Maryland, United States

  • Angela Y. Au

    3   Department of Research and Development, Nutramax Laboratories, Inc., Edgewood, Maryland, United States
    4   Department of Bioengineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, United States
    5   Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States

  • Jillian Dougherty

    1   College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, United States
    6   Veterinary Emergency and Specialty Centers of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States

  • Carmelita G. Frondoza

    1   College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, United States
    3   Department of Research and Development, Nutramax Laboratories, Inc., Edgewood, Maryland, United States
    5   Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States

Funding This project was funded by Nutramax Laboratories, Inc., Michigan State University and Mississippi State University.
Further Information

Publication History

21 January 2019

04 June 2019

Publication Date:
23 July 2019 (online)

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Abstract

Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of amikacin (AK) and enrofloxacin (EF) at concentrations consistent with those obtained by intra-articular and intravenous regional limb perfusion on both cytotoxicity and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production by equine chondrocytes. This study also determines if PGE2 production could be reduced by avocado/soybean unsaponifiables (ASU), glucosamine (GLU) and chondroitin sulphate (CS).

Study Design Chondrocytes were grown in monolayer from the articular cartilage of 12 horses and treated with clinically relevant concentrations of AK and EF, with or without the combination of ASU + GLU + CS. Positive controls consisted of chondrocytes that were activated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Chondrocyte response was evaluated using both MTT cytotoxicity assay and immunoassay for PGE2 production.

Results Amikacin and EF generated a dose-dependent cytotoxicity. Amikacin induced 90% cell death at a concentration of 25 mg/mL. Enrofloxacin induced 90% cell death at 1.0 mg/mL and 98% cell death at 10 mg/mL (p < 0.05). Amikacin failed to induce PGE2 production at any of the concentrations studied. In contrast, EF and the positive control (LPS) induced PGE2 production at all concentrations. Induction of PGE2 by EF at all concentrations was significantly reduced (p < 0.05) by pre-treatment with ASU + GLU + CS.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance Horses receiving commonly used dosages of AK and EF may benefit from administration of ASU + GLU + CS.

Keywords

equine - chondrocyte - antibiotic medications - inflammation - PGE2

Author Contribution

The idea for the project was originated by Ann Rashmir. Experimental design was conceived by Carmelita Frondoza, Ann Rashmir and Cathleen Mochal. Acquisition of the data and data analysis were performed by Cathleen A. Mochal-King, Angela Au, Lowella Fortuno, Mark Grzanna, Carmelita Frondoza and Jillian Dougherty. Cathleen Mochal, Carmelita Frondoza and Ann Rashmir interpreted the data and prepared the manuscript. All authors reviewed the manuscript.