CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · Arquivos Brasileiros de Neurocirurgia: Brazilian Neurosurgery 2019; 38(03): 183-198
DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1692158
Review Article | Artigo de Revisão
Thieme Revinter Publicações Ltda Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Deep Brain Stimulation for the Treatment of Resistant Depression: Systematic Review of the Literature

Estimulação cerebral profunda para o tratamento de depressão resistente: revisão sistemática da literatura
Ícaro Elias Gualberto Santos Julião
1   Department of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
,
Diego Ferreira Santana
1   Department of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
,
1   Department of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

27 November 2018

17 April 2019

Publication Date:
31 May 2019 (online)

Abstract

Depression is the leading cause of disability worldwide, and it is related to high suicide rates. Furthermore, a great number of patients do not respond to any of the available treatments. Deep brain stimulation (DBS), a versatile technology with expanding indications, is considered a potential treatment for resistant depression. However, in over 10 years of clinical research, its efficacy has not been completely proven. Although new trials using DBS for treatment-resistant depression keep emerging, two of the three Level I evidence-based studies recently conducted have not provided conclusive data. Methodological limitations and major biases have compromised the obtention of clearer results. In this systematic review of the literature, we intend to critically assess the clinical trials performed in this field.

Resumo

A depressão é a maior causa de incapacitação em nível mundial, e ela está relacionada com altos índices de suicídio. Ademais, um grande número de pacientes não responde a nenhum dos tratamentos disponíveis. A estimulação cerebral profunda (ECP), uma técnica versátil com indicações em expansão, é considerada um tratamento potencial para depressão refratária. Contudo, em mais de 10 anos de pesquisas clínicas, sua eficácia ainda não foi completamente comprovada. Embora novos estudos utilizando ECP para tratamento da depressão refratária venham sendo realizados, dois dos três ensaios recentemente conduzidos baseados em evidência com Nível 1 não forneceram dados conclusivos. Limitações metodológicas e vieses importantes comprometeram a obtenção de resultados mais claros. Nesta revisão sistemática da literatura, pretendemos avaliar criticamente as pesquisas clínicas executadas nesta área.

 
  • References

  • 1 Friedrich MJ. Depression is the leading cause of disability around the world. JAMA 2017; 317 (15) 1517 . Doi: 10.1001/jama.2017.3826
  • 2 Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Merikangas KR, Walters EE. Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005; 62 (06) 593-602 . Doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593
  • 3 Bergfeld IO, Mantione M, Figee M, Schuurman PR, Lok A, Denys D. Treatment-resistant depression and suicidality. J Affect Disord 2018; 235: 362-367 . Doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.04.016
  • 4 Fava M. Diagnosis and definition of treatment-resistant depression. Biol Psychiatry 2003; 53 (08) 649-659 . Doi: 10.1016/S0006-3223(03)00231-2
  • 5 Leon AC, Keller MB, Warshaw MG. , et al. Prospective study of fluoxetine treatment and suicidal behavior in affectively ill subjects. Am J Psychiatry 1999; 156 (02) 195-201
  • 6 World Health Organization. Depression. Geneva: World Health Organization, 22 March 2018. Available at: http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression . Access in: August 21, 2018
  • 7 Kellner CH, Knapp RG, Petrides G. , et al. Continuation electroconvulsive therapy vs pharmacotherapy for relapse prevention in major depression: a multisite study from the Consortium for Research in Electroconvulsive Therapy (CORE). Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006; 63 (12) 1337-1344 . Doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.63.12.1337
  • 8 UK ECT Review Group. Efficacy and safety of electroconvulsive therapy in depressive disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 2003; 361 (9360): 799-808 . Doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12705-5
  • 9 Ruhé HG, van Rooijen G, Spijker J, Peeters FPML, Schene AH. Staging methods for treatment resistant depression. A systematic review. J Affect Disord 2012; 137 (1-3): 35-45 . Doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2011.02.020
  • 10 Dougherty DD, Rezai AR, Carpenter LL. , et al. A randomized sham-controlled trial of deep brain stimulation of the ventral capsule/ventral striatum for chronic treatment-resistant depression. Biol Psychiatry 2015; 78 (04) 240-248 . Doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.11.023
  • 11 Kringelbach ML, Jenkinson N, Owen SL, Aziz TZ. Translational principles of deep brain stimulation. Nat Rev Neurosci 2007; 8 (08) 623-635 . Doi: 10.1038/nrn2196
  • 12 Torres-Sanchez S, Perez-Caballero L, Berrocoso E. Cellular and molecular mechanisms triggered by Deep Brain Stimulation in depression: A preclinical and clinical approach. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2017; 73: 1-10 . Doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2016.09.005
  • 13 Lipsman N, Sankar T, Downar J, Kennedy SH, Lozano AM, Giacobbe P. Neuromodulation for treatment-refractory major depressive disorder. CMAJ 2014; 186 (01) 33-39 . Doi: 10.1503/cmaj.121317
  • 14 Kurin DS. Trepanation in South-Central Peru during the early late intermediate period (ca. AD 1000-1250). Am J Phys Anthropol 2013; 152 (04) 484-494 . Doi: 10.1002/ajpa.22383
  • 15 Zuccaro G. The dawn of neurosurgery in pre-conquest Mesoamerican territories. Childs Nerv Syst 2017; 33 (10) 1621-1629 . Doi: 10.1007/s00381-017-3464-4
  • 16 Faulkner LA. Ancient medicine: sickness and health in Greece and Rome. 2nd ed. Michigan: Ichabod Press; 2015
  • 17 Webster's Third New International Dictionary. Unabridged. 3rd ed. Springfield: Merriam-Webster; 2002. . narc- or narco- combining form; p. 35
  • 18 Ebbell B. The Papyrus Ebers: the greatest Egyptian medical document. Copenhagen: Levin & Munksgaard; London: Oxford University Press; 1937
  • 19 Leibowitz JO. Notes and Events. Plastic surgery. Electroshock therapy in Ibn-Sina's Canon. J Hist Med Allied Sci 1957; 12 (01) 71-72 . Doi: 10.1093/jhmas/XII.1.71
  • 20 Tsoucalas G, Karamanou M, Lymperi M, Gennimata V, Androutsos G. The “torpedo” effect in medicine. Int Marit Health 2014; 65 (02) 65-67 . Doi: 10.5603/IMH.2014.0015
  • 21 American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). 5th ed. Arlington: American Psychiatric Association; 2013
  • 22 Ribot T. La psychologie des sentiments. Paris: Ancienne Librairie Germer Ballière et Cie; 1896
  • 23 Vilela Filho O. Tratamento cirúrgico das desordens psiquiátricas. J Bras Neurocirurg 2009; 20 (03) 362-364
  • 24 Spiegel EA, Wycis HT, Marks M, Lee AJ. Stereotactic apparatus for operations on the human brain. Science 1947; 106 (02) 754): 349-350 . Doi: 10.1126/science.106.2754.349
  • 25 Bari AA, Mikell CB, Abosch A. , et al. Charting the road forward in psychiatric neurosurgery: proceedings of the 2016 American Society for Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery workshop on neuromodulation for psychiatric disorders. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2018; 89 (08) 886-896 . Doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2017-317082
  • 26 Mayberg HS, Lozano AM, Voon V. , et al. Deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression. Neuron 2005; 45 (05) 651-660 . Doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2005.02.014
  • 27 Mayberg HS, Riva-Posse P, Crowell AL. Deep Brain Stimulation for depression: keeping an eye on a moving target. JAMA Psychiatry 2016; 73 (05) 439-440 . Doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.0173
  • 28 Lipsman N, Giacobbe P, Lozano AM. Deep Brain Stimulation for the management of treatment-refractory major depressive disorder. In: Sun B, De Salles A. , editors. Neurosugical treatments for psychiatric disorders. Dordrecht: Springer; 2015: 95-104
  • 29 Abosch A, Cosgrove GR. Biological basis for the surgical treatment of depression. Neurosurg Focus 2008; 25 (01) E2 . Doi: 10.3171/FOC/2008/25/7/E2
  • 30 Pandya M, Altinay M, Malone Jr DA, Anand A. Where in the brain is depression?. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2012; 14 (06) 634-642 . Doi: 10.1007/s11920-012-0322-7
  • 31 Udupa K, Chen R. The mechanisms of action of deep brain stimulation and ideas for the future development. Prog Neurobiol 2015; 133: 27-49 . Doi: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.08.001
  • 32 Palazidou E. The neurobiology of depression. Br Med Bull 2012; 101: 127-145 . Doi: 10.1093/bmb/lds004
  • 33 Price JL, Drevets WC. Neurocircuitry of mood disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology 2010; 35 (01) 192-216 . Doi: 10.1038/npp.2009.104
  • 34 Ramasubbu R, Lang S, Kiss ZHT. Dosing of electrical parameters in Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) for intractable depression: a review of clinical studies. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9: 302 . Doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00302
  • 35 Lozano AM, Lipsman N. Probing and regulating dysfunctional circuits using deep brain stimulation. Neuron 2013; 77 (03) 406-424 . Doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.01.020
  • 36 Tullberg M, Fletcher E, DeCarli C. , et al. White matter lesions impair frontal lobe function regardless of their location. Neurology 2004; 63 (02) 246-253 . Doi: 10.1212/01.WNL.0000130530.55104.B5
  • 37 Hamani C, Mayberg H, Stone S, Laxton A, Haber S, Lozano AM. The subcallosal cingulate gyrus in the context of major depression. Biol Psychiatry 2011; 69 (04) 301-308 . Doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.09.034
  • 38 Haber SN, Kim KS, Mailly P, Calzavara R. Reward-related cortical inputs define a large striatal region in primates that interface with associative cortical connections, providing a substrate for incentive-based learning. J Neurosci 2006; 26 (32) 8368-8376 . Doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0271-06.2006
  • 39 Mayberg HS, Brannan SK, Tekell JL. , et al. Regional metabolic effects of fluoxetine in major depression: serial changes and relationship to clinical response. Biol Psychiatry 2000; 48 (08) 830-843 . Doi: 10.1016/S0006-3223(00)01036-2
  • 40 van den Munckhof P, Bosch DA, Mantione MHM, Figee M, Denys DAJP, Schuurman PR. Active stimulation site of nucleus accumbens deep brain stimulation in obsessive-compulsive disorder is localized in the ventral internal capsule. Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien) 2013; 117: 53-59 . Doi: 10.1007/978-3-7091-1482-7_9
  • 41 Parent A, Carpenter MB. Carpenter's human neuroanatomy. 9th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1996
  • 42 Mogenson GJ, Swanson LW, Wu M. Neural projections from nucleus accumbens to globus pallidus, substantia innominata, and lateral preoptic-lateral hypothalamic area: an anatomical and electrophysiological investigation in the rat. J Neurosci 1983; 3 (01) 189-202 . Doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.03-01-00189.1983
  • 43 Schlaepfer TE, Cohen MX, Frick C. , et al. Deep brain stimulation to reward circuitry alleviates anhedonia in refractory major depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 2008; 33 (02) 368-377 . Doi: 10.1038/sj.npp.1301408
  • 44 Blomstedt P, Naesström M, Bodlund O. Deep brain stimulation in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and medial forebrain bundle in a patient with major depressive disorder and anorexia nervosa. Clin Case Rep 2017; 5 (05) 679-684 . Doi: 10.1002/ccr3.856
  • 45 Luyten L, Hendrickx S, Raymaekers S, Gabriëls L, Nuttin B. Electrical stimulation in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis alleviates severe obsessive-compulsive disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2016; 21 (09) 1272-1280 . Doi: 10.1038/mp.2015.124
  • 46 Wise RA. Forebrain substrates of reward and motivation. J Comp Neurol 2005; 493 (01) 115-121 . Doi: 10.1002/cne.20689
  • 47 Zahm DS. The evolving theory of basal forebrain functional-anatomical ‘macrosystems’. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2006; 30 (02) 148-172 . Doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2005.06.003
  • 48 Coenen VA, Panksepp J, Hurwitz TA, Urbach H, Mädler B. Human medial forebrain bundle (MFB) and anterior thalamic radiation (ATR): imaging of two major subcortical pathways and the dynamic balance of opposite affects in understanding depression. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2012; 24 (02) 223-236 . Doi: 10.1176/appi.neuropsych.11080180
  • 49 Dandekar MP, Fenoy AJ, Carvalho AF, Soares JC, Quevedo J. Deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression: an integrative review of preclinical and clinical findings and translational implications. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23 (05) 1094-1112 . Doi: 10.1038/mp.2018.2
  • 50 Jiménez F, Nicolini H, Lozano AM, Piedimonte F, Salín R, Velasco F. Electrical stimulation of the inferior thalamic peduncle in the treatment of major depression and obsessive compulsive disorders. World Neurosurg 2013; 80 (3-4): 30.e17-30.e25 . DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2012.07.010
  • 51 Winter C, Vollmayr B, Djodari-Irani A, Klein J, Sartorius A. Pharmacological inhibition of the lateral habenula improves depressive-like behavior in an animal model of treatment resistant depression. Behav Brain Res 2011; 216 (01) 463-465 . Doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2010.07.034
  • 52 Shumake J, Edwards E, Gonzalez-Lima F. Opposite metabolic changes in the habenula and ventral tegmental area of a genetic model of helpless behavior. Brain Res 2003; 963 (1-2): 274-281 . Doi: 10.1016/S0006-8993(02)04048-9
  • 53 Schneider TM, Beynon C, Sartorius A, Unterberg AW, Kiening KL. Deep brain stimulation of the lateral habenular complex in treatment-resistant depression: traps and pitfalls of trajectory choice. Neurosurgery 2013; 72 (2, Suppl Operative) ons184-ons193, discussion ons193 . Doi: 10.1227/NEU.0b013e318277a5aa
  • 54 Yang Y, Wang H, Hu J, Hu H. Lateral habenula in the pathophysiology of depression. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2018; 48: 90-96 . Doi: 10.1016/j.conb.2017.10.024
  • 55 Lawson RP, Nord CL, Seymour B. , et al. Disrupted habenula function in major depression. Mol Psychiatry 2017; 22 (02) 202-208 . Doi: 10.1038/mp.2016.81
  • 56 Sartorius A, Henn FA. Deep brain stimulation of the lateral habenula in treatment resistant major depression. Med Hypotheses 2007; 69 (06) 1305-1308 . Doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2007.03.021
  • 57 Lozano AM, Mayberg HS, Giacobbe P, Hamani C, Craddock RC, Kennedy SH. Subcallosal cingulate gyrus deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression. Biol Psychiatry 2008; 64 (06) 461-467 . Doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.05.034
  • 58 McNeely HE, Mayberg HS, Lozano AM, Kennedy SH. Neuropsychological impact of Cg25 deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression: preliminary results over 12 months. J Nerv Ment Dis 2008; 196 (05) 405-410 . Doi: 10.1097/nmd.0b013e3181710927
  • 59 McNab JA, Voets NL, Jenkinson N. , et al. Reduced limbic connections may contraindicate subgenual cingulate deep brain stimulation for intractable depression. J Neurosurg 2009; 111 (04) 780-784 . Doi: 10.3171/2009.2.jns081299
  • 60 Puigdemont D, Portella MJ, Pérez-Egea R. , et al. Depressive relapse after initial response to subcallosal cingulate gyrus-deep brain stimulation in a patient with a treatment-resistant depression: electroconvulsive therapy as a feasible strategy. Biol Psychiatry 2009; 66 (05) e11-e12 . Doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.03.018
  • 61 Guinjoan SM, Mayberg HS, Costanzo EY. , et al. Asymmetrical contribution of brain structures to treatment-resistant depression as illustrated by effects of right subgenual cingulum stimulation. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2010; 22 (03) 265-277 . Doi: 10.1176/jnp.2010.22.3.265
  • 62 Holtzheimer III PE, Mayberg HS. Deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression. Am J Psychiatry 2010; 167 (12) 1437-1444 . Doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.10010141
  • 63 Kennedy SH, Giacobbe P, Rizvi SJ. , et al. Deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression: follow-up after 3 to 6 years. Am J Psychiatry 2011; 168 (05) 502-510 . Doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.10081187
  • 64 Holtzheimer PE, Kelley ME, Gross RE. , et al. Subcallosal cingulate deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant unipolar and bipolar depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2012; 69 (02) 150-158 . Doi: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.1456
  • 65 Broadway JM, Holtzheimer PE, Hilimire MR. , et al. Frontal theta cordance predicts 6-month antidepressant response to subcallosal cingulate deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression: a pilot study. Neuropsychopharmacology 2012; 37 (07) 1764-1772 . Doi: 10.1038/npp.2012.23
  • 66 Puigdemont D, Pérez-Egea R, Portella MJ. , et al. Deep brain stimulation of the subcallosal cingulate gyrus: further evidence in treatment-resistant major depression. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2012; 15 (01) 121-133 . Doi: 10.1017/S1461145711001088
  • 67 Hamani C, Giacobbe P, Diwan M. , et al. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors potentiate the effects of deep brain stimulation. Am J Psychiatry 2012; 169 (12) 1320-1321 . Doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12060754
  • 68 Lozano AM, Giacobbe P, Hamani C. , et al. A multicenter pilot study of subcallosal cingulate area deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression. J Neurosurg 2012; 116 (02) 315-322 . Doi: 10.3171/2011.10.JNS102122
  • 69 Merkl A, Schneider GH, Schönecker T. , et al. Antidepressant effects after short-term and chronic stimulation of the subgenual cingulate gyrus in treatment-resistant depression. Exp Neurol 2013; 249: 160-168 . Doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.08.017
  • 70 Ramasubbu R, Anderson S, Haffenden A, Chavda S, Kiss ZH. Double-blind optimization of subcallosal cingulate deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression: a pilot study. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2013; 38 (05) 325-332 . Doi: 10.1503/jpn.120160
  • 71 Hilimire MR, Mayberg HS, Holtzheimer PE. , et al. Effects of subcallosal cingulate deep brain stimulation on negative self-bias in patients with treatment-resistant depression. Brain Stimul 2015; 8 (02) 185-191 . Doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2014.11.010
  • 72 Martín-Blanco A, Serra-Blasco M, Pérez-Egea R. , et al. Immediate cerebral metabolic changes induced by discontinuation of deep brain stimulation of subcallosal cingulate gyrus in treatment-resistant depression. J Affect Disord 2015; 173: 159-162 . Doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.10.035
  • 73 Puigdemont D, Portella M, Pérez-Egea R. , et al. A randomized double-blind crossover trial of deep brain stimulation of the subcallosal cingulate gyrus in patients with treatment-resistant depression: a pilot study of relapse prevention. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2015; 40 (04) 224-231 . Doi: 10.1503/jpn.130295
  • 74 Serra-Blasco M, de Vita S, Rodríguez MR. , et al. Cognitive functioning after deep brain stimulation in subcallosal cingulate gyrus for treatment-resistant depression: an exploratory study. Psychiatry Res 2015; 225 (03) 341-346 . Doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.11.076
  • 75 Ramasubbu R, Vecchiarelli HA, Hill MN, Kiss ZHT. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and subcallosal deep brain stimulation for refractory depression. World J Biol Psychiatry 2015; 16 (02) 135-138 . Doi: 10.3109/15622975.2014.952775
  • 76 Accolla EA, Aust S, Merkl A. , et al. Deep brain stimulation of the posterior gyrus rectus region for treatment resistant depression. J Affect Disord 2016; 194: 33-37 . Doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.01.022
  • 77 Richieri R, Borius PY, Lagrange G. , et al. Unmasking partial seizure after deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression: a case report. Brain Stimul 2016; 9 (04) 636-638 . Doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2016.05.001
  • 78 Holtzheimer PE, Husain MM, Lisanby SH. , et al. Subcallosal cingulate deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression: a multisite, randomised, sham-controlled trial. Lancet Psychiatry 2017; 4 (11) 839-849 . Doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(17)30371-1
  • 79 Riva-Posse P, Choi KS, Holtzheimer PE. , et al. A connectomic approach for subcallosal cingulate deep brain stimulation surgery: prospective targeting in treatment-resistant depression. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23 (04) 843-849 . Doi: 10.1038/mp.2017.59
  • 80 Eitan R, Fontaine D, Benoît M. , et al. One year double blind study of high vs low frequency subcallosal cingulate stimulation for depression. J Psychiatr Res 2018; 96: 124-134 . Doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.09.026
  • 81 Merkl A, Aust S, Schneider GH. , et al. Deep brain stimulation of the subcallosal cingulate gyrus in patients with treatment-resistant depression: A double-blinded randomized controlled study and long-term follow-up in eight patients. J Affect Disord 2018; 227: 521-529 . Doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.11.024
  • 82 Kuhn J, Lenartz D, Huff W. , et al. Remission of alcohol dependency following deep brain stimulation of the nucleus accumbens: valuable therapeutic implications?. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2007; 78 (10) 1152-1153 . Doi: 10.1136/jnnp.2006.113092
  • 83 Malone Jr DA, Dougherty DD, Rezai AR. , et al. Deep brain stimulation of the ventral capsule/ventral striatum for treatment-resistant depression. Biol Psychiatry 2009; 65 (04) 267-275 . Doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.08.029
  • 84 Malone Jr DA. Use of deep brain stimulation in treatment-resistant depression. Cleve Clin J Med 2010; 77 (Suppl. 03) S77-S80 . Doi: 10.3949/ccjm.77.s3.14
  • 85 Strong DR, Haber SN, Tyrka AR, Bernier JA, Rassmussen SA, Greenberg BD. Reversible increase in smoking after withdrawal of ventral capsule/ventral striatum deep brain stimulation in a depressed smoker. J Addict Med 2012; 6 (01) 94-95 . Doi: 10.1097/ADM.0b013e318240acf5
  • 86 Millet B, Jaafari N, Polosan M. , et al. Limbic versus cognitive target for deep brain stimulation in treatment-resistant depression: accumbens more promising than caudate. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2014; 24 (08) 1229-1239 . Doi: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2014.05.006
  • 87 Giordana B, Benoît M, Darmon N, Yelnik J, Millet B, Fontaine D. Acute and reproducible mood improvement due to nucleus accumbens deep brain stimulation. Brain Stimul 2015; 8 (04) 842-843 . Doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2015.05.004
  • 88 Bergfeld IO, Mantione M, Hoogendoorn MLC. , et al. Deep brain stimulation of the ventral anterior limb of the internal capsule for treatment-resistant depression: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry 2016; 73 (05) 456-464 . Doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.0152
  • 89 Bergfeld IO, Mantione M, Hoogendoorn MLC. , et al. Impact of deep brain stimulation of the ventral anterior limb of the internal capsule on cognition in depression. Psychol Med 2017; 47 (09) 1647-1658 . Doi: 10.1017/S0033291717000113
  • 90 Raymaekers S, Luyten L, Bervoets C, Gabriëls L, Nuttin B. Deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant major depressive disorder: a comparison of two targets and long-term follow-up. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7 (10) e1251 . Doi: 10.1038/tp.2017.66
  • 91 Schlaepfer TE, Bewernick BH, Kayser S, Mädler B, Coenen VA. Rapid effects of deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant major depression. Biol Psychiatry 2013; 73 (12) 1204-1212 . Doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.01.034
  • 92 Bewernick BH, Kayser S, Gippert SM, Switala C, Coenen VA, Schlaepfer TE. Deep brain stimulation to the medial forebrain bundle for depression- long-term outcomes and a novel data analysis strategy. Brain Stimul 2017; 10 (03) 664-671 . Doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2017.01.581
  • 93 Jiménez F, Velasco F, Salin-Pascual R. , et al. A patient with a resistant major depression disorder treated with deep brain stimulation in the inferior thalamic peduncle. Neurosurgery 2005; 57 (03) 585-593, discussion 585–593 . Doi: 10.1227/01.NEU.0000170434.44335.19
  • 94 Aouizerate B, Cuny E, Martin-Guehl C. , et al. Deep brain stimulation of the ventral caudate nucleus in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder and major depression. Case report. J Neurosurg 2004; 101 (04) 682-686 . Doi: 10.3171/jns.2004.101.4.0682
  • 95 Kosel M, Sturm V, Frick C. , et al. Mood improvement after deep brain stimulation of the internal globus pallidus for tardive dyskinesia in a patient suffering from major depression. J Psychiatr Res 2007; 41 (09) 801-803 . Doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2006.07.010
  • 96 Fitzgerald PB, Segrave R, Richardson KE. , et al. A pilot study of bed nucleus of the stria terminalis deep brain stimulation in treatment-resistant depression. Brain Stimul 2018; 11 (04) 921-928 . Doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2018.04.013
  • 97 Coenen VA, Sajonz B, Reisert M. , et al. Tractography-assisted deep brain stimulation of the superolateral branch of the medial forebrain bundle (slMFB DBS) in major depression. Neuroimage Clin 2018; 20: 580-593 . Doi: 10.1016/j.nicl.2018.08.020
  • 98 Bewernick BH, Hurlemann R, Matusch A. , et al. Nucleus accumbens deep brain stimulation decreases ratings of depression and anxiety in treatment-resistant depression. Biol Psychiatry 2010; 67 (02) 110-116 . Doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.09.013
  • 99 Grubert C, Hurlemann R, Bewernick BH. , et al. Neuropsychological safety of nucleus accumbens deep brain stimulation for major depression: effects of 12-month stimulation. World J Biol Psychiatry 2011; 12 (07) 516-527 . Doi: 10.3109/15622975.2011.583940
  • 100 Bewernick BH, Kayser S, Sturm V, Schlaepfer TE. Long-term effects of nucleus accumbens deep brain stimulation in treatment-resistant depression: evidence for sustained efficacy. Neuropsychopharmacology 2012; 37 (09) 1975-1985 . Doi: 10.1038/npp.2012.44
  • 101 Fenoy AJ, Schulz PE, Selvaraj S. , et al. A longitudinal study on deep brain stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle for treatment-resistant depression. Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8 (01) 111 . Doi: 10.1038/s41398-018-0160-4
  • 102 Fins JJ, Kubu CS, Mayberg HS, Merkel R, Nuttin B, Schlaepfer TE. Being open minded about neuromodulation trials: Finding success in our “failures”. Brain Stimul 2017; 10 (02) 181-186 . Doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2016.12.012
  • 103 Park SC, Kim JM, Jun TY. , et al. How many different symptom combinations fulfil the diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder? Results from the CRESCEND study. Nord J Psychiatry 2017; 71 (03) 217-222 . Doi: 10.1080/08039488.2016.1265584
  • 104 Thase ME, Rush AJ. When at first you don't succeed: sequential strategies for antidepressant nonresponders. J Clin Psychiatry 1997; 58 (Suppl. 13) 23-29
  • 105 Zhang C, Zhang Y, Zhan S. , et al. Telemedical deep brain stimulation: merits and limitations. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 2018; 96 (04) 272-273 . Doi: 10.1159/000491603
  • 106 Naudet F, Millet B, Michel Reymann J, Falissard B. The fallacy of thresholds used in defining response and remission in depression rating scales. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 2014; 23 (04) 469-473 . Doi: 10.1002/mpr.1393
  • 107 Kadouri A, Corruble E, Falissard B. The improved Clinical Global Impression Scale (iCGI): development and validation in depression. BMC Psychiatry 2007; 7: 7 . Doi: 10.1186/1471-244X-7-7
  • 108 Gardner J. A history of deep brain stimulation: technological innovation and the role of clinical assessment tools. Soc Stud Sci 2013; 43 (05) 707-728 . Doi: 10.1177/0306312713483678
  • 109 Coenen VA, Schlaepfer TE, Maedler B, Panksepp J. Cross-species affective functions of the medial forebrain bundle-implications for the treatment of affective pain and depression in humans. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2011; 35 (09) 1971-1981 . Doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.12.009
  • 110 Mestre TA, Lang AE, Okun MS. Factors influencing the outcome of deep brain stimulation: Placebo, nocebo, lessebo, and lesion effects. Mov Disord 2016; 31 (03) 290-296 . Doi: 10.1002/mds.26500
  • 111 Wulsin LR, Vaillant GE, Wells VE. A systematic review of the mortality of depression. Psychosom Med 1999; 61 (01) 6-17
  • 112 Narasimhan M, Raynor JD, Jones AB. Depression in the medically ill: diagnostic and therapeutic implications. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2008; 10 (03) 272-279 . Doi: 10.1007/s11920-008-0044-z
  • 113 Priori A, Foffani G, Rossi L, Marceglia S. Adaptive deep brain stimulation (aDBS) controlled by local field potential oscillations. Exp Neurol 2013; 245: 77-86 . Doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.09.013
  • 114 Nuttin B, Wu H, Mayberg H. , et al. Consensus on guidelines for stereotactic neurosurgery for psychiatric disorders. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2014; 85 (09) 1003-1008 . Doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2013-306580
  • 115 Case A, Deaton A. Rising morbidity and mortality in midlife among white non-Hispanic Americans in the 21st century. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112 (49) 15078-15083 . Doi: 10.1073/pnas.1518393112
  • 116 Bewernick B, Schlaepfer TE. Update on neuromodulation for treatment-resistant depression. F1000 Res 2015; 4: 1000 . Doi: 10.12688/f1000research.6633.1
  • 117 Stroupe KT, Weaver FM, Cao L. , et al. Cost of deep brain stimulation for the treatment of Parkinson's disease by surgical stimulation sites. Mov Disord 2014; 29 (13) 1666-1674 . Doi: 10.1002/mds.26029