Inflammatory Periimplant Diseases and the Periodontal Connection Question

Abstract

Implant therapy has become a widespread reality in modern dentistry. Nevertheless, dental implants can fail due to different causes, among which inflammatory peri-implant diseases (IPDs) are a major challenge, with prevalences that are much higher than previously believed.

Specific searches were undertaken for each question raised between October and November 2017, in the PubMed website database (US National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, Maryland, United States). Only articles written in English and published from 2007 onward were considered initially. The following keywords were used in the searches “periimplantitis (PI),” “periimplant mucositis (PM),” “dental implant failure,” “periimplant microbiota,” “periodontal microbiota,” “implant failure” (no temporal limit), and “foreign body reaction” (no temporal limit). The selection process resulted in the selection of 239 articles that were analyzed in detail in elaborating this review. The reference list was limited to the 47 most relevant articles due to editorial limits of this Journal.

Intrinsic differences between natural teeth and dental implants are able to give rise to inflammatory diseases that share only minor and scarcely relevant characters, and would consequently deserve different and specifically designed instruments and strategies, for both diagnosis and therapy.

Keywords

gingivitis - pathogenesis - periimplant mucositis - periimplantitis - periodontitis

• References

• 1 Buser D, Sennerby L, De Bruyn H. Modern implant dentistry based on osseointegration: 50 years of progress, current trends and open questions. Periodontol 2000 2017; 73 (01) 7-21
• 2 Chappuis V, Buser R, Brägger U, Bornstein MM, Salvi GE, Buser D. Long-term outcomes of dental implants with a titanium plasma-sprayed surface: a 20-year prospective case series study in partially edentulous patients. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2013; 15 (06) 780-790
• 3 Vandeweghe S, Ferreira D, Vermeersch L, Mariën M, De Bruyn H. Long-term retrospective follow-up of turned and moderately rough implants in the edentulous jaw. Clin Oral Implants Res 2016; 27 (04) 421-426
• 4 Lamagni T. Epidemiology and burden of prosthetic joint infections. J Antimicrob Chemother 2014; 69 (Suppl. 01) i5-i10
• 5 Inui T, Bandyk DF. Vascular surgical site infection: risk factors and preventive measures. Semin Vasc Surg 2015; 28 (03) [phone]
• 6 Lindhe J, Meyle J. Group D of European Workshop on Periodontology. Peri-implant diseases: Consensus Report of the Sixth European Workshop on Periodontology. J Clin Periodontol 2008; 35 (08) Suppl 282-285
• 7 Heitz-Mayfield LJ, Lang NP. Comparative biology of chronic and aggressive periodontitis vs. peri-implantitis. Periodontol 2000 2010; 53: 167-181
• 8 Chrcanovic BR, Kisch J, Albrektsson T, Wennerberg A. Factors influencing early dental implant failures. J Dent Res 2016; 95 (09) 995-1002
• 9 Passariello C, Berlutti F, Selan L. et al. Microbiological and morphological analysis of dental implants removed for incomplete osseointegration. Microb Ecol Health Dis 1993; 6 (04) 203-207
• 10 Chrcanovic BR, Albrektsson T, Wennerberg A. Reasons for failures of oral implants. J Oral Rehabil 2014; 41 (06) 443-476
• 11 Rangert B, Krogh PH, Langer B, Van Roekel N. Bending overload and implant fracture: a retrospective clinical analysis. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1995; 10 (03) 326-334
• 12 Chang M, Chronopoulos V, Mattheos N. Impact of excessive occlusal load on successfully-osseointegrated dental implants: a literature review. J Investig Clin Dent 2013; 4 (03) 142-150
• 13 Duyck J, Vandamme K. The effect of loading on peri-implant bone: a critical review of the literature. J Oral Rehabil 2014; 41 (10) 783-794
• 14 Zitzmann NU, Berglundh T. Definition and prevalence of peri-implant diseases. J Clin Periodontol 2008; 35 (08) Suppl 286-291
• 15 Lang NP, Berglundh T. Working Group 4 of Seventh European Workshop on Periodontology. Periimplant diseases: where are we now? Consensus of the Seventh European Workshop on Periodontology. J Clin Periodontol 2011; 38 (Suppl. 11) 178-181
• 16 Berglundh T, Armitage G, Araujo MG. et al. Peri-implant diseases and conditions: Consensus report of workgroup 4 of the 2017 world workshop on the classification of periodontal and peri-implant diseases and conditions. J Periodontol 2018; 89 (Suppl. 01) S313-S318
• 17 Koldsland OC, Scheie AA, Aass AM. Prevalence of peri-implantitis related to severity of the disease with different degrees of bone loss. J Periodontol 2010; 81 (02) 231-238
• 18 Albrektsson T, Dahlin C, Jemt T, Sennerby L, Turri A, Wennerberg A. Is marginal bone loss around oral implants the result of a provoked foreign body reaction?. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2014; 16 (02) 155-165
• 19 Mordenfeld A, Hallman M, Johansson CB, Albrektsson T. Histological and histomorphometrical analyses of biopsies harvested 11 years after maxillary sinus floor augmentation with deproteinized bovine and autogenous bone. Clin Oral Implants Res 2010; 21 (09) 961-970
• 20 Palmquist A, Omar OM, Esposito M, Lausmaa J, Thomsen P. Titanium oral implants: surface characteristics, interface biology and clinical outcome. J R Soc Interface 2010; 7 (Suppl. 05) S515-S527
• 21 Palmquist A, Grandfield K, Norlindh B, Mattsson T, Brånemark R, Thomsen P. Bone-titanium oxide interface in humans revealed by transmission electron microscopy and electron tomography. J R Soc Interface 2012; 9 (67) 396-400
• 22 Anderson JM, Rodriguez A, Chang DT. Foreign body reaction to biomaterials. Semin Immunol 2008; 20 (02) 86-100
• 23 Cavalli L, Brandi ML. Periprosthetic bone loss: diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. F1000 Res 2014; 2: 266
• 24 Dyskova T, Gallo J, Kriegova E. The role of the chemokine system in tissue response to prosthetic by-products leading to periprosthetic osteolysis and aseptic loosening. Front Immunol 2017; 8: 1026
• 25 Tawse-Smith A, Ma S, Duncan WJ, Gray A, Reid MR, Rich AM. Implications of wear at the titanium-zirconia implant-abutment interface on the health of peri-implant tissues. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2017; 32 (03) 599-609
• 26 Page RC, Kornman KS. The pathogenesis of human periodontitis: an introduction. Periodontol 2000 1997; 14: 9-11
• 27 Konstantinidis IK, Kotsakis GA, Gerdes S, Walter MH. Cross-sectional study on the prevalence and risk indicators of peri-implant diseases. Eur J Oral Implantology 2015; 8 (01) 75-88
• 28 Ata-Ali J, Ata-Ali F, Galindo-Moreno P. Treatment of periimplant mucositis: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Implant Dent 2015; 24 (01) 13-18
• 29 Pontoriero R, Tonelli MP, Carnevale G, Mombelli A, Nyman SR, Lang NP. Experimentally induced peri-implant mucositis. A clinical study in humans. Clin Oral Implants Res 1994; 5 (04) 254-259
• 30 Schincaglia GP, Hong BY, Rosania A. et al. Clinical, immune, and microbiome traits of gingivitis and peri-implant mucositis. J Dent Res 2017; 96 (01) 47-55
• 31 Berglundh T, Zitzmann NU, Donati M. Are peri-implantitis lesions different from periodontitis lesions?. J Clin Periodontol 2011; 38 (Suppl. 11) 188-202
• 32 Lindhe J, Berglundh T, Ericsson I, Liljenberg B, Marinello C. Experimental breakdown of peri-implant and periodontal tissues. A study in the beagle dog. Clin Oral Implants Res 1992; 3 (01) 9-16
• 33 Albouy JP, Abrahamsson I, Persson LG, Berglundh T. Spontaneous progression of ligatured induced peri-implantitis at implants with different surface characteristics. An experimental study in dogs II: histological observations. Clin Oral Implants Res 2009; 20 (04) 366-371
• 34 Papapanou PN. Population studies of microbial ecology in periodontal health and disease. Ann Periodontol 2002; 7 (01) 54-61
• 35 Avila M, Ojcius DM, Yilmaz O. The oral microbiota: living with a permanent guest. DNA Cell Biol 2009; 28 (08) 405-411
• 36 Lamont RJ, Hajishengallis G. Polymicrobial synergy and dysbiosis in inflammatory disease. Trends Mol Med 2015; 21 (03) 172-183
• 37 Marchesi JR, Adams DH, Fava F. et al. The gut microbiota and host health: a new clinical frontier. Gut 2016; 65 (02) 330-339
• 38 Liévin-Le Moal V, Servin AL. Anti-infective activities of lactobacillus strains in the human intestinal microbiota: from probiotics to gastrointestinal anti-infectious biotherapeutic agents. Clin Microbiol Rev 2014; 27 (02) 167-199
• 39 Feng Z, Weinberg A. Role of bacteria in health and disease of periodontal tissues. Periodontol 2000 2006; 40: 50-76
• 40 Mombelli A, Décaillet F. The characteristics of biofilms in peri-implant disease. J Clin Periodontol 2011; 38 (Suppl. 11) 203-213
• 41 Charalampakis G, Leonhardt Å, Rabe P, Dahlén G. Clinical and microbiological characteristics of peri-implantitis cases: a retrospective multicentre study. Clin Oral Implants Res 2012; 23 (09) 1045-1054
• 42 Robitaille N, Reed DN, Walters JD, Kumar PS. Periodontal and peri-implant diseases: identical or fraternal infections?. Mol Oral Microbiol 2016; 31 (04) 285-301
• 43 Perera-Costa D, Bruque JM, González-Martín ML, Gómez-García AC, Vadillo-Rodríguez V. Studying the influence of surface topography on bacterial adhesion using spatially organized microtopographic surface patterns. Langmuir 2014; 30 (16) 4633-4641
• 44 Lafaurie GI, Sabogal MA, Castillo DM. et al. Microbiome and microbial biofilm profiles of peri-implantitis: a systematic review. J Periodontol 2017; 88 (10) 1066-1089
• 45 Kumar PS, Mason MR, Brooker MR, O'Brien K. Pyrosequencing reveals unique microbial signatures associated with healthy and failing dental implants. J Clin Periodontol 2012; 39 (05) 425-433
• 46 Dabdoub SM, Tsigarida AA, Kumar PS. Patient-specific analysis of periodontal and peri-implant microbiomes. J Dent Res 2013; 92 (12) Suppl 168S-175S
• 47 Becker ST, Beck-Broichsitter BE, Graetz C, Dörfer CE, Wiltfang J, Häsler R. Peri-implantitis versus periodontitis: functional differences indicated by transcriptome profiling. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2014; 16 (03) 401-411