Pulmonary Embolism

• REFERENCES

• 1 Dalen JE, Alpert JS. Natural history of pulmonary embolism. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1975; 17: 257-70.
• 2 Barritt DW, Jordan SC. Anticoagulant drugs in the treatment of pulmonary embolism: a controlled study. Lancet 1960; 1: 1309-12.
• 3 Hampton AO, Castleman B. Correlation of postmortem chest teleroentgenograms with autopsy findings with special reference to pulmonary embolism and infarction. AJR 1940; 43: 305-26.
• 4 Westermark N. On the roentgen diagnosis of lung embolism. Acta Radiol 1938; 19: 357-60.
• 5 Fleischner FG. Unilateral pulmonary embolism with increased compensatory circulation through the unoccluded lung. Radiology 1959; 73: 591-7.
• 6 Greenspan RH, Ravin CE, Polansky SM, McCloud TC. Accuracy of the chest radiograph in diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. Invest Radiol 1982; 17: 539-43.
• 7 Worsley DF, Alavi A, Aronchick JM, Chen JTT, Greenspan RH, Ravin CE. Chest radiographic findings in patients with acute pulmonary embolism: observations from the PIOPED study. Radiology 1993; 189: 133-6.
• 8 Hull RD, Raskob GE, Coates G, Panju AA. Clinical validity of a normal perfusion lung scan in patients with suspected pulmonary embolism. Chest 1990; 97: 23-6.
• 9 PIOPED investigators.. Value of the ventilation/perfusion scan in acute pulmonary embolism. Results of the prospective investigation of pulmonary embolism diagnosis (PIOPED). JAMA 1990; 263: 2753-9.
• 10 McNeil BJ. Ventilation-perfusion studies and the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism: concise communication. J Nucl Med 1987; 21: 319-23.
• 11 Biello DR. Radiological (scintigraphic) evaluation of patients with suspected pulmonary embolism. JAMA 1987; 275: 3257-9.
• 12 Fischer KG, McNeil BJ. The indeterminate lung scan: its characteristics and its associations with pulmonary embolism. Eur J Nucl Med 1997; 4: 49-53.
• 13 Vea HW, Sirotta PS, Nelp WB. Ventilationperfusion scanning for pulmonary embolism: refinement of predictive value through Bay-esian analysis. AJR 1985; 145: 967-72.
• 14 Spies WG, Burstein SP, Dillehay GL, Vogel-zang RL, Spies SM. Ventilation-perfusion scintigraphy in suspected pulmonary embolism: correlation with pulmonary angiography and refinement of criteria for interpretation. Radiology 1986; 159: 383-90.
• 15 Hull RD, Raskob GE. Low-probability lung scan findings: a need for change. Ann Intern Med 1991; 114: 142-3.
• 16 Moser KM. Venous thromboembolism. Am Rev Resp Dis 1990; 141: 235-49.
• 17 Jardin F, Du Bourg O, Gueret P, Delorm G, Bourdarias JP. Quantitative two-dimensional echocardiography in massive pulmonary embolism: emphasis on ventricular interdependence and leftward septal displacement. J Am Coll Cardiol 1987; 10: 1201-6.
• 18 Prakash R, Matsukubo H. Usefulness of echocardiographic right ventricular measurements in estimating right ventricular hypertrophy and right ventricular pressure. Am J Cardiol 1983; 51: 1036-40.
• 19 Come PC. Echocardiographic evaluation of pulmonary embolism and its response to therapeutic interventions. Chest 1992; 101: 151-62 (suppl)
• 20 Kasper W, Meinertz T, Henkel B, Eissner D, Hahn K, Hofmann T, Zeiher A, Just H. Echocardiographic findings in patients with proved pulmonary embolism. Am Heart J 1986; 112: 1284-90.
• 21 Wittlich N, Erbel R, Eichler A, Schuster S, Jakob H, Irersen S, Delert H, Meyer J. Detection of central pulmonary artery thromboemboli by transesophageal echocardiography in patients with severe pulmonary embolism. J Am S oc Echocardiogr 1992; 5: 514-25.
• 22 Johnsen ME, Furlong R, Schrank K. Diagnostic use of emergency department echocardiogram in massive pulmonary emboli. Ann Emerg Med 1992; 21: 260-3.
• 23 Erbel R, Wittlich N, Schuster ST, Goerge G, Ge J. Assessment of pulmonary embolism. Intern J Card Imaging 1993; 2: 39-49.
• 24 Wellman HN. Pulmonary thromboembolism: current status report on the role of nuclear medicine. Semin Nucl Med 1986; 16: 236-74.
• 25 Quinn MF, Lundell CJ, Klotz TA, Finck EJ, Pentecost M, McGehee WG, Garnie JD. Reliability of selective pulmonary arteriography in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. AJR 1987; 9: 469-71.
• 26 Novelline RA, Baltarovic OH, Athanasoulis CA, Waltman AC, Greenfield AJ, McKu-sick KA. The clinical course of patients with suspected pulmonary embolism and a negative pulmonary arteriogram. Radiology 1978; 126: 469-71.
• 27 Stein PD, Athanasoulis C, Alav A, Greenspan RH, Hales CA, Saltzman HA, Vreim CE, Terrin ML, Weg JG. Complications and validity of pulmonary angiography in acute pulmonary embolism. Circulation 1992; 85: 462-8.
• 28 Oudkerk M, van Beek EJR, van Putten WLJ, Büller HR. Cost-effectiveness analysis of various strategies in the diagnostic management of pulmonary embolism. Arch Int Med 1993; 153: 947-54.
• 29 Mills SR, Jackson DC, Older RA, Heaston DK, Moore AV. The incidence, etiologies, and avoidance of complications of pulmonary angiography in a large series. Radiology 1980; 136: 295-9.
• 30 Hudson ER, Smith TP, McDermott VG, Newman GE, Suhocki PV, Payne CS, Stack-house DJ. Pulmonary angiography performed with iopamidol: complications in 1,434 patients. Radiology 1996; 198: 61-5.
• 31 van Rooij WJJ, den Heeten GJ, Sluzewski M. Pulmonary embolism: diagnosis in 211 patients with use of selective pulmonary digital subtraction angiography with a flow-directed catheter. Radiology 1995; 195: 793-7.
• 32 Hull RD, Raskob GE, Hirsh J. The diagnosis of clinically suspected pulmonary embolism: practical approaches. Chest 1986; 89 suppl 417S-25S.
• 33 Monreal M, Ruiz J, Salvador R, Morera J, Arias A. Recurrent pulmonary embolism: a prospective study. Chest 1989; 95: 976-9.
• 34 Hull RD, Raskob GE, Coates G, Panju AA, Gill GJ. A new noninvasive management strategy for patients with suspected pulmonary embolism. Arch Int Med 1989; 149: 2549-55.
• 35 Cronan JJ. Venous thromboembolic disease: the role of ultrasound. Radiology 1993; 186: 619-30.
• 36 Lensing AW, Pradoni P, Brandjes D, Huis-man PM, Tomasella G, Krekt J, ten Cate JW, Huisman MV, Büller HR. Detection of deep-vein thrombosis by real-time B-mode ultrasonography. N Engl J Med 1989; 320: 342-5.
• 37 Stein PD, Hull RD, Saltzman HA, Pineo G. Strategy for diagnosis of patients with suspected acute pulmonary embolism. Chest 1993; 103: 1553-9.
• 38 Quinn RJ, Nour R, Butler SP, Glenn DW, Travers PL, Wellings G, Kwan YL. Pulmonary embolism in patients with intermediate probability lung scans: diagnosis with dop-pler venous US and D-dimer measurement. Radiology 1994; 190: 509-11.
• 39 Kelley MA, Carson JL, Palevsky HI, Schwartz JS. Diagnosing pulmonary embolism: new facts and strategies. Ann Intern Med 1991; 114: 300-6.
• 40 van Beek EJ, Büller HR, Brandjes DP, Rutten GC, ten Cate JW. Diagnosis of clinically suspected pulmonary embolism: a survey of current practice in a teaching hospital. Neth J Med 1994; 44: 50-5.
• 41 Schluger N, Henschke C, King T, Russo R, Binkert B, Rackson M, Hayt D. Diagnosis of pulmonary embolism at a large teaching hospital. J Thorac Imaging 1994; 9: 180-4.
• 42 Israeli D, Kalhorn A, Menzoian JO. Physician practices in the diagnosis and management of patients with pulmonary embolism. Ann Vase Surg 1991; 5: 337-44.
• 43 Cooper TJ, Hayward MWJ, Hartog M. Survey on the use of pulmonary scintigraphy and angiography for suspected pulmonary thromboembolism in the UK. Clin Radiol 1991; 43: 243-5.
• 44 Gurney JW. No fooling around: direct visualization of pulmonary embolism. Radiology 1993; 188: 618-9.
• 45 Getter WB, Hatabu H, Holland GA, Gupta KB, Henschke CI, Palevsky HL. Pulmonary thromboembolism: recent developments in diagnosis with CT and MR imaging. Radiology 1995; 197: 561-74.
• 46 Kalender WA, Polacin A. Physical performance characteristics of spiral CT scanning. Med Phys 1991; 18: 910-5.
• 47 McCullough CH, Morin RL. The technical design and performance of ultrafast computed tomography. Radiol Clin North Am 1994; 32: 521-36.
• 48 Fleischmann D, Kontrus M, Bankier AA, Wiesmayr MN, Janata-Schwatczek K, Herold CJ. Spiral-CT bei akuter Pulmonal-embolie. Radiologe 1996; 36: 489-95.
• 49 Remy-Jardin M, Remy J, Cauvain O, Petyt L, Wannebroucq J, Beregi JP. Diagnosis of central pulmonary embolism with helical CT: role of two-dimensional multiplanar reformations. AJR 1995; 165: 1131-8.
• 50 Herold CJ, Kontrus M, Ziesche G, Fleischmann D, Wegerle T, Huebsch P. Evaluation of pulmonary embolism: value of 3D and multiplanar cine spiral CT angiography. Radiology 1993; 189 (P) 264.
• 51 Remy-Jardin M, Remy J, Wattinne L, Giraud F. Central pulmonary thromboembolism: diagnosis with spiral volumetric CT with single-breath-hold technique – comparison with pulmonary angiography. Radiology 1992; 185: 381-7.
• 52 Rossum AV, Kieft G, Treurniet F, Schepers-Bok R, Smith S. Spiral volumetric CT in patients with clinical suspicion of pulmonary embolism. Radiology 1994; 193 (P) 262.
• 53 Teigen CL, Maus TP, Sheedy II PF, Johnson CM, Stanson AW, Welch TJ. Pulmonary embbolism: diagnosis with electron-beam CT. Radiology 1993; 188: 893-45.
• 54 Goodman LR, Curtin JJ, Mewissen MW, Foley WD, Lipchik RJ, Grain MR, Sagar KB, Collier BD. Detection of pulmonary embolism in patients with unresolved clinical and scintigraphic diagnosis: helical CT versus angiography. AJR 1995; 164: 1369-74.
• 55 Remy-Jardin M, Remy J, Deschildre F, Artaud D, Beregi JP, Hossein-Foucher C, Marchandise X, Duhamel A. Diagnosis of pulmonary embolism with spiral CT: comparison with pulmonary angiography and scintigraphy. Radiology 1996; 200: 699-706.
• 56 Teigen CL, Maus TP, Sheedy II PF, Stanson AW, Johnson CM, Breen JF, McKusick MA. Pulmonary embolism: diagnosis with contrast-enhanced electron-beam CT and comparison with pulmonary angiography. Radiology 1995; 194: 313-9.
• 57 Grist TM, Sostman HD, MacFall JR, Foo TK, Spritzer CE, Witty L, Newman GE, De-batin JF, Tapson V, Saltzman HA. Pulmonary angiography with MR imaging: preliminary clinical experience. Radiology 1993; 189: 523-30.
• 58 Holland GA, Gefter WB, Baum RA, Gupta KB, Cope C, Kressel HY. Prospective comparison of pulmonary MR angiography and ultrafast CT for diagnosis of pulmonary thromboembolic disease. Radiology 1993; 189 (P) 234.
• 59 Schiebler ML, Holland GA, Hatabu H, Listerud J, Foo T, Palevsky H, Edmunds H, Gefter WB. Suspected pulmonary embolism: prospective evaluation with pulmonary MR angiography. Radiology 1993; 189: 125-31.
• 60 Erdman WA, Peshock RM, Redman HL, Bonte F, Meyerson M, Jayson HT. Pulmonary embolism: comparison of MR imaging with radionuclide and angiographic studies. Radiology 1994; 190: 499-508.
• 61 Wielopolski P, Hicks S, Obdeijn AIM, Oudkerk M. Pulmonary embolism detection using contrast-enhanced, breathhold 3D magnetic resonance angiography: preliminary experience. In: Proceedings of the Society of Magnetic Resonance Meeting. New York: 1995: 705.
• 62 Debatin JF, Leung DA, Steiner P, Göhde S, Pfamatter T, McKinnon GC. Contrast enhanced 3D MR-Angiography of the pulmonary arteries in under 20 seconds. In: Proceedings of the Society of Magnetic Resonance Meeting. New York: 1996: 161.
• 63 Woodard PK, Sostman HD, MacFall JR, DeLong DM, McDonald JW, Foo TK, Patz EF, Goodman PC, Spritzer CE. Detection of pulmonary embolism: comparison of contrast enhanced spiral-CT and time-of-flight MR techniques. J Thorac Imaging 1995; 10: 59-72.
• 64 Evans AJ, Sostman HD, Knelson MH, Spritzer CE, Newman GE, Paine SS, Beam CA. Detection of deep venous thrombosis: prospective comparison of MR imaging with contrast venography. AJR 1993; 161: 131-9.
• 65 Baldt MM, Zontsich T, Stümpflein A, Fleischmann D, Schneider B, Minar E, Mostbeck GH. Deep venous thrombosis of the lower extremity: efficacy of spiral CT venography compared with conventional venography in diagnosis. Radiology 1996; 200: 423-8.
• 66 Gurney JW. Diagnosis of pulmonary embolism: no fooling around (response). Radiology 1994; 191: 289.
• 67 Hunink MGM. Outcomes research and cost-effectiveness analysis in radiology. Eur Radiol 1996; 6: 615-20.
• 68 Janata-Schwatczek K, Weiss K, Riezinger I, Bankier A, Domanovits H, Seidler D. Pulmonary embolism II: diagnosis and treatment. Semin Thromb Hemost 1996; 22: 33-52.
• 69 Steiner P, Phillips F, Wesner D, Lund GK, Kreymann G, Nicolas V, Crone-Münzebrock W. Primärdiagnostik und Verlaufskontrolle der akuten Pulmonalembolie: Vergleich zwischen digitaler Subtraktions-angiographie und Spiral-CT. Fortschr Röntgenstr 1994; 161: 285-91.
• 70 Curtin JJ, Mewissen MW, Crain MR, Lip-chik RJ. Postcontrast CT in the diagnosis and assessment of response to thrombolysis in massive pulmonary embolism. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1994; 18: 133-5.
• 71 Tapson VF, Witty LA. Massive pulmonary embolism: diagnostic and therapeutiic strategies. Clin Chest Med 1995; 16: 329-41.