Induction of Endothelial Tissue Factor by Endotoxin and Its Precursors

Summary

The structural determinants of lipopolysaccharide required for the induction of tissue factor in human umbilical vein endothelial cells were studied. Intact lipid A was essential for the induction of tissue factor whereas the incomplete lipid A precursors lipid IV_A and lipid X, as well as monophosphoryl lipid A and acyloxyacyl hydrolase-treated lipopolysaccharide, were unable to induce tissue factor and tissue factor specific mRNA. However, the lipid A precursor, lipid IV_A, was able to inhibit LPS-mediated induction of tissue factor; structural determinants distal to lipid A were found to be required for maximal induction of tissue factor activity and tissue factor mRNA. The presence of serum in the assay was found to amplify but was not obligate for tissue factor induction by LPS.

• References

• 1 Schorer A, Moldow CF. Induction of tissue factor. In Endothelial Cells. Ryan US. (ed) CDC Press; Boca Raton, FL: 1987: 95-105
• 2 Edgington TS, Mackman N, Brand K, Ruf W. The structural biology of expression and function of tissue factor. Thromb Haemostas 1991; 66: 67-79
• 3 Wilcox JN, Smith KM, Schwartz SM, Gordon D. Localization of tissue factor in the normal vessel wall and in the atherosclerotic plaque. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989; 86: 2839-2843
• 4 Drake TA, Morrissey JH, Edgington TS. Selective cellular expression of tissue factor in human tissues. Implications for disorders of hemostasis and thrombosis. Am J Pathol 1989; 134: 1087-1097
• 5 Fleck RA, Rao LV, Rapaport SI, Varki N. Localization of human tissue factor antigen by immunostaining with monospecific, polyclonal anti-human tissue factor antibody. Thromb Res 1990; 59: 421-437
• 6 Rickles FR, Rick PD, Van Why M. Structural features of S. typhimurium lipopolysaccharide required for activation of monocyte tissue factor. J Clin Invest 1977; 59: 1188-1195
• 7 Schorer AE, Rick PD, Swaim WR, Moldow CF. Structural features of endotoxin required for stimulation of endothelial cell tissue factor production. Exposure of preformed tissue factor after oxidant-mediated endothelial cell injury. J Lab Clin Med 1985; 106: 38-42
• 8 Schorer AE, Kaplan ME, Rao GHR, Moldow CF. Interleukin-1 stimulated endothelial tissue factor production and expression by a prostaglandin-independent mechanism. Thromb Haemostas 1987; 56: 256-259
• 9 Bevilacqua MP, Prober JS, Majeau GR, Fiers W, Cotran RS, Gimbrone MA. Recombinant tumor necrosis factor induces procoagulant activity in cultured human vascular endothelium: Characterization and comparison with the actions of interleukin-1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1986; 83: 4533-4537
• 10 Moore RL, Andreoli SP, Esmon NL, Esmon CT, Bang ND. Endotoxin enhances tissue factor and suppresses thrombomodulin expression of human vascular endothelium in vitro. J Clin Invest 1987; 79: 124-130
• 11 van den Berg EA, Sprengers ED, Burgess JM, Maciag T, van Hinsbergh VWM. Regulation of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 mRNA in human endothelial cells. Thromb Haemostas 1988; 60: 63-67
• 12 Colucci M, Paramo JA, Collen D. Generation in plasma of the fast-acting inhibitor of plasminogen activation in response to endotoxin stimulation. J Clin Invest 1985; 75: 818-824
• 13 Raetz CRH, Ulevitch RJ, Wright SD, Sibley CR, Ding A, Nathan CF. Gram-negative endotoxin: An extraordinary lipid with profound effects on eukaryotic signal transduction. FASEB J 1991; 5: 2652-2660
• 14 Rietschel ET, Brade H. Bacterial endotoxins. Sci Am 1992; 267: 54-61
• 15 Schorer AE, Moldow CF, Rick ME. Interleukin-1 or endotoxin increases the release of von Willebrand factor from human endothelial cells. Br J Haematol 1987; 67: 193-197
• 16 Bloem LJ, Chen L, Konigsberg WH, Bach R. Serum stimulation of quiescent human fibroblasts induces the synthesis of tissue factor mRNA followed by the appearance of tissue factor antigen and procoagulant activity. J Cell Physiol 1989; 139: 418-423
• 17 Carson SD, Ross SE, Bach R, Guha A. An inhibitory monoclonal against human tissue factor. Blood 1987; 70: 490-493
• 18 Bach R, Gentry R, Nemerson Y. Factor VII binding to tissue factor in reconstituted phospholipid vesicles: Induction of cooperativity by phosphatidylserine. Biochemistry 1986; 25: 4007-4020
• 19 Spicer EK, Horton R, Bloem L, Bach R, Williams KR, Guha A, Kraus J, Lin T-L, Nemerson Y, Konigsberg WH. Isolation of cDNA clones coding for human tissue factor. Primary structure of the protein and cDNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1987; 84: 5148-5152
• 20 Sanbrook I, Fritsch EF, Maniatis T. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. Cold Spring Harbor; New York: 1989: 1051-1053
• 21 Collins WL, Hunsaker WR. Improved hybridization assays employing tailed oligonucleotide probes. A direct comparison with 5-end label oligonucleotide probes and nick-translated plasmid probes. Anal Biochem 1985; 151: 211-224
• 22 Scarpati EM, Sadler JE. Regulation of endothelial cell coagulant properties. J Biol Chem 1989; 164: 20705-20713
• 23 Galanos C, Lüderitz O, Westphal O. A new method for the extraction of R lipopolysaccharides. Eur J Biochem 1969; 9: 245-249
• 24 Munford RS, Hall CL. Detoxification of bacteral lipopolysaccharides (endotoxins) by a human neutrophil enzyme. Science 1986; 234: 203-205
• 25 Bach R, Rifkin DB. Expression of tissue factor procoagulant activity: Regulation by cytosolic calcium. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990; 87: 6995-6999
• 26 Loppnow H, Brade H, Dürrbaum I, Dinarello CA, Kusamoto S, Rietschel ETh, Flad R-D. IL-1 induction capacity of defined lipopoly-saccharide partial structures. J Immunol 1989; 142: 3229-3238
• 27 Crossman DC, Carr DP, Tuddenham EGD, Pearson JD, McVey JH. The regulation of tissue factor mRNA in human endothelial cells in response to endotoxin or phorbol ester. J Biol Chem 1990; 265: 9782-9787
• 28 Drake TA, Ruf W, Morrissey JH, Edgington TS. Functional tissue factor is entirely cell surface expressed on lipopolysaccharide stimu-lated human blood monocytes and a constitutively tissue factor producting neoplastic cell line. J Cell Biol 1989; 109: 389-395
• 29 Broze GJ. Binding of human factor VII and VIIa to monocytes. J Clin Invest 1982; 70: 526-535
• 30 Fair PS, MacDonald MJ. Cooperative interaction between factor VII and cell-expressed tissue factor. J Biol Chem 1987; 262: 11692-11698
• 31 Ryan J, Brett T, Tijburg P, Bach RR, Kisiel W, Stern D. Tumor necrosis factor-induced endothelial tissue factor is associated with subendothelial matrix vesicles but is not expressed on the apical surface. Blood 1992; 80: 966-974
• 32 Shuman RR, Leong SR, Flaggs GW, Bray PW, Wright SD, Mathison JC, Tobias PS, Ulevitch RJ. Structure and function of lipopolysac-charide binding protein. Science 1990; 249: 1429-1431
• 33 Moriarty A, Gao J, DeGraw J, van Hook, Kumar A, Leturcq D. Expression of a soluble form of CD14 and the demonstration of its binding to LPS-LBP complexes. J Cell Biochem 1992; (Suppl. 16) C 165
• 34 Wright SD, Ramos RA, Patel M, Miller DS. Septin: A factor in plasma that opsonizes lipopolysaccharide bearing particles for recognition by CD14 on phagocytes. J Exp Med 1992; 176: 719-727
• 35 Wright SD, Jong TL. Adhesion-promoting receptors on human macropahges recognize E. coli by binding to lipopolysaccharide. J Exp Med 1986; 164: 1876-1888
• 36 Wright SD, Detmers PA, Aida Y, Adamowski R, Anderson DC, Chad Z, Kabbash LG, Pabst MJ. CD18-deficient cells respond to lipopolysaccharide in vitro. J Immunol 1990; 144: 2566-2571
• 37 Hampton RY, Golenbock DT, Penman M, Krieger M, Raetz CRH. Recognition and plasma clearance of endotoxin by scavenger receptors. Nature 1991; 352: 342-344
• 38 Voyta JC, Via DP, Butterfield CE, Zetter BR. Identification and isolation of endothelial cells based on their increased uptake of acetylated-low density lipoprotein. J Cell Biol 1984; 99: 2034-2040
• 39 Wright SD, Ramos RA, Tobias PS, Ulevitch RJ, Mathison JC. CD14 serves as the cellular receptor for complexes of lipopolysaccharide with lipopolysaccharide binding protein. Science 1990; 249: 1431-1433
• 40 Chen T-Y, Bright SW, Pace JC, Russell SW, Morrison DC. Induction of macrophage-mediated tumor cytotoxicity by a hamster monoclonal antibody with specificity for lipopolysaccharide receptor. J Immunol 1990; 145: 8-12
• 41 Kirkland TN, Virca GD, Kaus-Reichel T, Muller FK, Kim SY, Ulevitch RJ, Tobias PS. Identification of lipopolysaccharide-binding protein in 702/3 cells by photo affinity iron linking. J Biol Chem 1990; 265: 9520-9525
• 42 Lei M-G, Morrison DC. Specific endotoxic lipopolysaccharide binding protein on murine splenocytes. J Immunol 1988; 141: 996-1005
• 43 Kirikae T, Kirikae F, Ulrich-Schade F, Yoshida M, Rondo S, Hisatsuna K, Nishikawa S-I, Rietschel ETh. Detection of lipopolysac-charide-binding proteins on membranes of murine lymphocyte and macrophage cell lines. FEMS Micro Immun 1991; 76: 327-336