Induction of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation in the Factor XII-deficient Fowl

Fredrik Skjørten; Stein A. Evensen

doi:10.1055/s-0038-1649099

Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Table of Contents

Thromb Haemost 1973; 30(01): 025-035
DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1649099

Original Article

Schattauer GmbH

Induction of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation in the Factor XII-deficient Fowl

Morphological Effects of Liquoid, Bacterial Endotoxin and Tissue Thromboplastin in the Normal and Anticoagulated Fowl

Authors

Fredrik Skjørten

¹Ullevål Hospital, Department of Pathology (Head: K. Arnesen M.D.), University of Oslo and Rikshospitalet, Medical Department A, Section of Haematology (Head: P.F. Hjort M.D.), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Stein A. Evensen

¹Ullevål Hospital, Department of Pathology (Head: K. Arnesen M.D.), University of Oslo and Rikshospitalet, Medical Department A, Section of Haematology (Head: P.F. Hjort M.D.), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

Abstract

Summary

Birds are naturally deficient in the coagulation factors responsible for the contact activation reactions in mammalian plasma. In the present study, fowl lungs were examined for evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) 5 min or 4 hours after injection of either Liquoid or bacterial endotoxin. These substances are potent initiators of DIC in mammals, and activation of factor XII is believed to be essential for their triggering effect.

Liquoid injection produced intravascular deposits with the light microscopical staining properties of fibrin. However these deposits had a purely granular ultra-structure; their formation was not prevented by adequate anticoagulation, and there was no concomitant thrombocyte aggregation. It is suggested that the deposits represent precipitates of plasma proteins, including fibrinogen.

Endotoxin failed to produce clinical reactions, intravascular deposits or thrombocyte aggregates. In contrast, animals injected with homologous tissue thromboplastin died, and fibrillar material with the ultrastructural appearance of fibrin, as well as thrombocyte aggregates were found in small pulmonary vessels. These effects were completely prevented by anticoagulation.

We conclude that both Liquoid and endotoxin failed to trigger DIC in the factor XII-deficient fowl, suggesting that these substances depend on the contact activation reactions for the generation of thrombin.

Full Text

References

References
1 Belamarich F. A, Fusari M. H, Shepro D, and Kien M. 1966; In vitro studies of aggregation of non-mammalian thrombocytes. Nature 212: 1579.
2 Belamarich F. A, Shepro D, and Kien M. 1968; ADP is not involved in thrombin-induced aggregation of thrombocytes of a non-mammalian vertebrate. Nature 220: 509.
3 Brown L. J, Stalker A. L, and Hall J. 1969; Experimental defibrination. II. Histological studies by light and electron microscopy. Microvascular Research 1: 295.
4 Didisheim P, Hattori K, and Lewis J. H. 1959; Hematologic and coagulation studies in various animal species. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine 53: 866.
5 Evensen S. A, and Jeremio M. 1968; Intravascular coagulation with generalized Shwartzman reaction induced by Liquoid: lack of protection by extreme thrombocytopenia. Thrombosis et Diathesis Haemorrhagica 19: 556.
6 Evensen S.A, Jeremio M, and Hjort P. F. 1967; Intravascular coagulation with generalized Shwartzman reaction induced by a heparin-like anticoagulant (Liquoid). Thrombosis et Diathesis Haemorrhagica 18: 24.
7 Forman E. N, Abildgaard C.F, Bolger J. F, Johnson C.A, and Shulman I. 1969; Generalized Shwartzman reaction: role of the granulocyte in intravascular coagulation and renal cortical necrosis. British Journal of Haematology 16: 507.
8 Godal H. C, and Gjengedal G. 1971; Activation of coagulation by heparin-protamine complexes as demonstrated by thrombotest. Scandinavian Journal of Haematology 8: 194.
9 Karrer H. E. 1956; The ultrastructure of mouse lung. General architecture of capillary and alveolar walls. Journal of Biophysical and Biochemical Cytology 2: 241.
10 Lendrum A. C, Fraser D.S, Slldders W, and Henderson R. 1962; Studies on the character and staining of fibrin. Journal of Clinical Pathology 15: 401.
11 Mallory F. B. 1938. Pathological technique. Saunders; Philadelphia: 76.
12 Margaretten W, and McKay D. G. 1969; The role of the platelet in the generalized Shwartzman reaction. Journal of Experimental Medicine 129: 585.
13 McKay D. G, Margaretten W, and Csavossy I. 1966; An electron microscope study of the effects of bacterial endotoxin on the blood-vascular system. Laboratory Investigations 15: 1815.
14 McKay D. G, Müller-Bergeaus G, and Cruse V. 1969; Activation of Hageman factor by ellagic acid and the generalized Shwartzman reaction. American Journal of Pathology 54: 393.
15 Müller-Berghaus G, Goldfinger D, Margaretten W, and McKay D.C. 1967; Platelet factor 3 and the generalized Shwartzman reaction. Thrombosis et Diathesis Haemorrhagica 18: 726.
16 Müller-Berghaus G, and Lasch H. G. 1970; Consumption of Hageman factor activity in the generalized Shwartzman reaction. Its prevention by inhibition of Hageman factor activation. Thrombosis et Diathesis Haemorrhagica 23: 386.
17 Prose P. H, Lee L, and Balk S. 1965; Electron microscopic study of the phagocytic fibrin-clearing mechanism. American Journal of Pathology 47: 403.
18 Rodriguez-Erdmann F. 1964; Studies on the pathogenesis of the generalized Shwartzman reaction. III. Trigger mechanism for the activation of the prothrombin molecule. Thrombosis et Diathesis Haemorrhagica 12: 471.
19 Schneider C. L. 1950. Thromboplastin complications of late pregnancy. In: Hammond J, Browne F. E, and Wolstenholme G. E. W. (Eds.): Toxemias of pregnancy. Human and veterinarian. A Ciba foundation symposium. J. & A. Churchill; London: 163.
20 Skjorten F, and Evensen S.A. 1972; Disseminated intravascular coagulation induced by Liquoid in normal, thrombocytopenic and granulocytopenic rabbits. Light and electron micros-scope studies. Thrombosis et Diathesis Haemorrhagica 27: 377.
21 Soulier J. P, Wartelle O, and Ménaché D. 1959; Hageman trait and PTA deficiency; the role of contact of blood with glass. Brithish Journal of Haematology 5: 121.
22 Stopforth A. 1970; A study of coagulation mechanisms in domestic chickens. Journal of Comparative Pathology and Therapeutics 80: 525.