The Extrinsic Pathway Inhibitor: A Regulator of Tissue Factor-Dependent Blood Coagulation

• References

• 1 Rapaport SI, Proctor RR, Patch MJ, Yettra M. The mode of inheritance of PTA deficiency: evidence for the existence of major PTA deficiency and minor PTA deficiency. Blood 1961; 18: 149-165
• 2 Schmaier AH, Silverberg M, Kaplan AP, Colman RW. Contact activation and its abnormalities. In: Hemostasis and Thrombosis. Basic Principles and Clinical Practice, 2nd Ed.,. edited by Colman RW, Hirsh J, Marder VJ, Salzman EW. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott: 1987. p. 18-38
• 3 Mariani G, Mazzucconi MG. Factor VII congenital deficiency. Haemostasis 1983; 13: 169-177
• 4 Nemerson Y. The reaction between bovine brain tissue factor and factors VII and X. Biochemistry 1966; 5: 601-608
• 5 Østerud B, Rapaport SI. Activation of factor IX by the reaction product of tissue factor and factor VII: Additional pathway for initiating blood coagulation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1977; 74: 5260-5264
• 6 Nemerson Y, Repke D. Tissue factor accelerates the activation of coagulation factor VII: The role of a bifunctional coagulation cofactor. Thromb. Res. 1985; 46: 325-335
• 7 Rao LVM, Rapaport SI. Activation of factor VII bound to tissue factor: A key early step in the tissue factor pathway of blood coagulation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1988; 85: 6687-6691
• 8 Carrel RW, Christey PB, Boswell DR. Serpins: Antithrombin and other inhibitors of coagulation and fibrinolysis. Evidence from amino acid sequences. In: Thrombosis and Haemostasis 1987. edited by Verstraete M, Vermylen J, Lijnen R, Arnout J. Leuven: Leuven University Press: 1987. p. 01-20
• 9 Marciniak E. Factor Xa inactivation by antithrombin III: evidence for biological stabilization of factor Xa by factor V-phospholipid complex. Br J Haematol 1973; 24: 391-400
• 10 Comp PC, Esmon CT. Activated protein C inhibits platelet prothrombin-converting activity. Blood 1979; 54: 1271-1281
• 11 Nesheim ME, Canfield WM, Kisiel W, Mann KG. Studies of the capacity of factor Xa to protect factor Va from inactivation by activated protein C. J. Biol. Chem. 1982; 257: 1443-1447
• 12 Ellis V, Scully MF, Kakkar VV. Inhibition of prothrombinase complex by plasma proteinase inhibitors. Biochemistry 1984; 23: 5882-5887
• 13 Hjort PF. Intermediate reactions in the coagulation of blood with tissue thromboplastin. Scan. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 1957; 9 (suppl 27) p 1-183
• 14 Seligson U, Kasper CK, Østerud B, Rapaport SI. Activated factor VII: presence in factor IX concentrate and persistence in the circulation after infusion. Blood 1978; 53: 828-837
• 15 Drake TA, Morrissey JH, Edgington T. Selective cellular expression of tissue factor in human tissues: Implications for disorders of hemostasis and thrombosis. Amer. J. Pathol. 1989; 134: 1087-1097
• 16 Fleck RA, Rao LVM, Rapaport SI, Varki N. Localization of human tissue factor antigen by immmunostaining with monospecific polyclonal anti-human tissue factor antibody. Thromb. Res. 1990; 57: 765-782
• 17 Wilcox JN, Smith KM, Schwartz SM, Gordon D. Localization of tissue factor in the normal vessel wall and in the atherosclerotic plaque. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1989; 86: 2839-2843
• 18 Drake TA, Ruf W, Morrissey JH, Edgington TS. Functional tissue factor is entirely cell surface expressed on lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human blood monocytes and a constitutively tissue factor-producing neoplastic cell line. J. Cell Biol. 1989; 109: 389-395
• 19 Rao LVM, Hoang AD. Expression of tissue factor in a human ovarian carcinoma cell line. Blood 1989; 74 (suppl) 96a (abstract)
• 20 Bach R, Rifkin DB. Expression of tissue factor procoagulant activity: Regulation by cytosolic calcium. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1990; 87: 6995-6999
• 21 Wun T-C, Kretzmer KK, Girard TJ, Miletich JP, Broze Jr GJ. Cloning and characterization of a cDNA coding for the lipoprotein-associated coagulation inhibitor shows that it consists of three tandom Kunitz-type inhibitory domains. J. Biol. Chem. 1988; 263: 6001-6004
• 22 Rao LVM, Rapaport SI. Studies of a mechanism inhibiting the initiation of the extrinsic pathway of coagulation. Blood 1987; 69: 645-651
• 23 Broze Jr GJ, Warren LA, Novotny WF, Higuchi DA, Girard TJ, Miletich JP. The lipoprotein-associated coagulation inhibitor that inhibits factor VII-tissue factor complex also inhibits Xa: insight into its possible mechanism of action. Blood 1988; 71: 335-343
• 24 Broze Jr GJ, Girard TJ, Novotny WF. Regulation of coagulation by a multivalent Kunitz-type inhibitor. Biochemistry 1990; 29: 7539-7546
• 25 Broze Jr GJ, Girard TJ, Novotny WF. The lipoprotein-associated coagulation inhibitor. In: Progress in Hemostasis and Thrombosis, vol.10,. edited by Coller BS. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders: 1990. p. 243-268
• 26 Sanders NL, Bajaj SP, Rapaport SI. A plasma protein that inhibits tissue factor-factor VII activation of factor IX in the presence of factor X. Circulation 1983; Suppl 68: 126a (abstract)
• 27 Sanders NL, Bajaj SP, Zivelin A, Rapaport SI. Inhibition of tissue factor/factor VIIa activity in plasma requires factor X and an additional plasma component. Blood 1985; 66: 204-212
• 28 Morrison SA, Jesty J. Tissue factor-dependent activation of tritium-labeled factor IX and factor X in human plasma. Blood 1984; 63: 1338-1347
• 29 Hubbard AR, Jennings CA. Inhibition of the tissue factor-factor VII complex: involvement of factor Xa and lipoproteins. Thromb. Res. 1987; 46: 527-537
• 30 Broze Jr GJ, Miletich JP. Characterization of the inhibition of tissue factor in serum. Blood 1987; 69: 150-155
• 31 Warn-Cramer BJ, Rao LVM, Maki SL, Rapaport SI. Modifications of extrinsic pathway inhibitor (EPI) and factor Xa that affect their ability to interact and to inhibit factor VIIa/tissue factor: Evidence for a two-step model of inhibition. Thromb. Haemostas. 1988; 60: 453-456
• 32 Girard TJ, Warren LA, Novotny WF, Likert KM, Brown SG, Miletich JP, Broze Jr GJ. Functional significance of the Kunitz-type inhibitory domains of lipoprotein-associated coagulation inhibitor. Nature 1989; 338: 518-520
• 33 Girard TJ, McPhail LA, Likert KM, Novotny WF, Miletich JP, Broze Jr GJ. Inhibition of factor VIIa-tissue factor coagulation activity by a hybrid protein. Science 1990; 248: 1421-1424
• 34 Warn-Cramer BJ, Maki SL, Zivelin A, Rapaport SI. Partial purification and characterization of the extrinsic pathway inhibitor (the factor Xa-dependent plasma inhibitor of factor VIIa/tissue factor). Thromb. Res. 1987; 48: 11-22
• 35 Callander NS, Rao LVM, Sandset PM, Warn-Cramer BJ, Rapaport SI. Binding studies of extrinsic pathway inhibitor (EPI) to a cell surface. Blood 1990; 76 (suppl 1) 414a (abstract)
• 36 Pedersen AH, Nordfang O, Norris F, Wiberg FC, Christensen PM, Moeller KB, Meidahl-Pedersen J, Beck TC, Norris K, Hedner U, Kisiel W. Recombinant human extrinsic pathway inhibitor. Production, isolation, and characterization of its inhibitory activity on tissue factor-initiated coagulation reactions. J. Biol. Chem. 1990; 265: 16786-16793
• 37 Haskel EJ, Torr SR, Day KC, Palmier M, Wun TC, Sobel BE, Abendshein DR. Prevention of arterial reocclusion after thrombolysis with lipoprotein-associated coagulation inhibitor (LACI). Circulation 1990; 82 (Suppl III) 2398a (abstract)
• 38 Novotny WF, Girard TJ, Miletich JP, Broze Jr GJ. Purification and characterization of the lipoprotein-associated coagulation inhibitor from human plasma. J. Biol. Chem. 264 1989; 18832-18837
• 39 Sandset PM, Abildgaard U, Pettersen M. A sensitive assay of extrinsic coagulation pathway inhibitor (EPI) in plasma and plasma fractions. Thromb. Res. 1987; 47: 389-400
• 40 Broze Jr GJ, Miletich JP. Isolation of the tissue factor inhibitor produced by HepG2 hepatoma cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1987; 84: 1886-1890
• 41 Bajaj MS, Kuppuswamy MN, Saito H, Spitzer SG, Bajaj SP. Cultured normal human hepatocytes do not synthesize lipoprotein-associated coagulation inhibitor: Evidence that endothelium is the principal site of its synthesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1990; 87: 8869-8873
• 42 Warn-Cramer BJ, Maki SL, Rapaport SI. A sulfated rabbit endothelial cell glycoprotein that inhibits factor VIIa/tissue factor is functionally and immunologically identical to rabbit extrinsic pathway inhibitor (EPI). Thromb. Res., in press
• 43 Warn-Cramer BJ, Maki SL, Rapaport SI. Conserved and divergent properties of rabbit and human extrinsic pathway inhibitor. Circulation 1990; 82 (Suppl III) 0527a (abstract)
• 44 Novotny WF, Girard TJ, Miletich JP, Broze Jr GJ. Platelets secrete a coagulation inhibitor functionally and antigenically similar to the lipoprotein associated coagulation inhibitor. Blood 1988; 72: 2020-2025
• 45 Novotny WF, Day K, Wun TC, Nieces G. Platelet LACI is present in novel granules. Blood 1990; 76 (suppl. 1) 469a (abstract)
• 46 Sandset PM, Abildgaard U, Larsen ML. Heparin induces release of extrinsic coagulation pathway inhibitor (EPI). Thromb. Res. 1988; 50: 803-813
• 47 Novotny WF, Brown SG, Girard TJ, Miletich JP, Broze Jr GJ. Plasma LACI antigen in patient samples. Blood 1989; 74 (suppl. 1) 209a (abstract)
• 48 Bajaj MS, Rana SV, Wysolmerski RB, Bajaj SP. Inhibitor of the factor VIIa-tissue factor complex is reduced in patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation but not in patients with severe hepatocellular disease. J. Clin. Invest. 1987; 79: 1874-1878
• 49 Warr TA, Rao LVM, Rapaport SI. Human plasma extrinsic pathway inhibitor activity: II Plasma levels in disseminated intravascular coagulation and hepatocellular disease. Blood 1989; 74: 994-998
• 50 Warn-Cramer BJ, Almus FE, Rapaport SI. Studies of the factor Xa-dependent inhibitor of factor VIIa/tissue factor (extrinsic pathway inhibitor) from cell supernates of cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Thromb. Haemostas. 1989; 61: 101-105
• 51 Warr TA, Warn-Cramer BJ, Rao LVM, Rapaport SI. Human plasma extrinsic pathway inhibitor activity: I Standardization of assay and evaluation of physiologic variables. Blood 1989; 74: 201-206
• 52 Sandset PM, Sirnes PA, Abildgaard U. Factor VII and extrinsic pathway inhibitor in acute coronary disease. Br. J. Haematol. 1989; 72: 391-396
• 53 Sandset PM, Røise O, Aasen AO, Abildgaard U. Extrinsic pathway inhibitor in postoperative/posttraumatic septicemia: increased levels in fatal cases. Haemostasis 1989; 19: 189-195
• 54 Sandset PM, Hellgren U, Uvebrandt M, Bergstrom H. Extrinsic pathway inhibitor and heparin cofactor II during normal and hypertension pregnancy. Thromb. Res. 1989; 55: 665-670
• 55 Abildgaard U, Sandset PM, Andersson TR, Rosen S. The inhibitor of F VIIa in plasma measured with a sensitive chromogenic assay: comparison with antithrombin, protein C, and heparin cofactor II in a clinical material. Folia Hematol. 1988; 115: 278-283
• 56 Sandset PM, Høgevold HE, Lyberg T, Andersson TR, Abildaard U. Extrinsic pathway inhibitor in elective surgery: A comparison with other coagulation inhibitors. Thromb. Haemostas. 1989; 62: 856-860
• 57 Sandset PM, Andersson TR. Coagulation inhibitor levels in pneumonia and stroke: Changes due to consumption and acute phase reaction. J. Int. Med. 1989; 225: 311-316
• 58 Brandtzaeg P, Sandset PM, Joe GB, Øvstbø R, Kierulf P, Abildgaard U. Quantitative relation between plasma endotoxin, antithrombin, protein C, extrinsic coagulation pathway inhibitor and fibrinopeptide A in systemic meningococcal disease. Thromb. Res. 1989; 55: 459-470
• 59 Lindahl AK, Sandset PM, Harbitz T, Andersson T, Abildgaard U. Coagulation inhibitors in patients with advanced cancer disease. Acta Chir. Scand. 1989; 155: 389-3935
• 60 Rapaport SI. Defibrination Syndromes. In: Hematology, 2nd Ed.. edited by Williams WJ, Beutler E, Erslev AJ, Rundles RW. New York: McGraw-Hill,: 1977. p. 1454-1480
• 61 Repke D, Gemmell CH, Guha A, Turitto VT, Broze Jr GJ, Nemerson Y. Hemophilia as a defect of the tissue factor pathway of blood coagulation: Effect of factors VIII and IX on factor X activation in a continuous-flow reactor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1990; 87: 7623-7627
• 62 Carson SD, Ross SE. Effects of lipid-binding proteins APO A-I, APO A-II, β₂-glycoprotein I, and C-Reactive Protein on activation of factor X by tissue factor-factor VIIa. Thromb. Res. 1988; 50: 669-678
• 63 Funakoshi T, Heimark RL, Hendrickson LE, McMullen BA, Fujikawa K. Human placental anticoagulant protein: Isolation and characterization. Biochemistry 1987; 26: 5572-5578
• 64 Conkling PR, Patton KL, Hannun YA, Greenberg CS, Weinberg JB. Sphingosine inhibits monocyte tissue factor-initiated coagulation by altering factor VII binding. J. Biol. Chem. 1989; 264: 18440-18444
• 65 Rapaport SI. Inhibition of factor VIIa/tissue factor-induced blood coagulation: with particular emphasis upon a factor Xa-dependent inhibitory mechanism. Blood 1989; 73: 359-365
• 66 Gramzinski RA, Broze Jr GJ, Carson SD. Human fibroblast tissue factor is inhibited by lipoprotein-associated coagulation inhibitor and placental anticoagulant protein but not by apolipoprotein A-II. Blood 1989; 73: 983-989
• 67 Flaherty MJ, West S, Heimark RL, Fujikawa K, Tait JF. Placental anticoagulant protein-1: Measurement in extracellular fluids and cells of the hemostatic system. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1990; 115: 174-181
• 68 Almus FE, Rao LVM, Rapaport SI. Functional properties of factor VIIa/tissue factor formed with purified tissue factor and with tissue factor expressed on cultured endothelial cells. Thromb. Haemostas. 1989; 62: 1067-1073
• 69 Almus FE, Rao LVM, Fleck RA, Rapaport SI. Properties of factor VIIa/tissue factor complexes in an umbilical vein model. Blood 1990; 76: 354-360
• 70 Sandset PM. Studies of extrinsic coagulation pathway inhibitor. Ph.D. thesis 1989; Department of Medicine, Aker Hospital University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway p 23
• 71 Warr TA, Rao LVM, Rapaport SI. Disseminated intravascular coagulation in rabbits induced by administration of endotoxin or tissue factor: Effect of anti-tissue factor antibodies and measurement of plasma extrinsic pathway inhibitor activity. Blood 1990; 75: 1481-1489
• 72 Sandset PM, Warn-Cramer BJ, Rao LVM, Maki SL, Rapaport SI. Depletion of extrinsic pathway inhibitor (EPI) sensitizes rabbits to disseminated intravascular coagulation induced with tissue factor: Evidence supporting a physiologic role for EPI as a natural anticoagulant. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1991; 88: 708-712
• 73 Lerner RG, Rapaport SI, Spitzer JM. Endotoxin-induced intravascular clotting: The need for granulocytes. Thromb. Diath. Haemorrh. 1968; 20: 430-443
• 74 Rivers RPA, Hathaway WE, Weston WL. The endotoxin-induced coagulant activity of human monocytes. Br. J. Haematol. 1975; 30: 311-31
• 75 Colucci M, Balconi R, Lorenzet A, Pietra A, Locati D, Donati MB, Semararo N. Cultured human endothelial cells generate tissue factor in response to endotoxin. J. Clin. Invest. 1983; 71: 1893-1896
• 76 Bevilacqua MP, Pober JS, Majeau GR, Cotran RS, Gimbrone Jr MA. Interleukin 1 (Il-1) induces biosynthesis and cell surface expression of procoagulant activity in human vascular endothelial cells. J. Exp. Med. 1984; 160: 618-623
• 77 Conkling PR, Greenberg CS, Weinberg JB. Tumor necrosis factor induces tissue factor-like activity in human leukemia cell line U937 and peripheral blood monocytes. Blood 1988; 72: 128-133
• 78 Janco RL, Morris PJ. Regulation of monocyte procoagulant by chemoattractants. Blood 1985; 65: 545-552