Thromboembolic Reaction Following Wall Puncture in Arterioles and Venules of the Rabbit Mesentery

Summary

The walls of rabbit mesenteric arterioles and venules (diameter 20 to 40 pm) were punctured with glass micropipets (tip diameter 6 to 8 pm). Thromboembolic reactions resulting from this standardized, small mechanical vessel wall injury could be quantified in vivo with the use of intravital video-microscopy. Following induction of the injury thrombus growth started immediately (<0.1 s). Bleeding times were short, on the average less than 2 s, and did not differ between arterioles and venules. The duration of the embolization process was significantly longer in arterioles than in venules (median 101 and 17 s, respectively), and more emboli were produced in arterioles than in venules (median 6 and 1, respectively). Arteriolar thrombi were more effective in plugging the punctured holes than venular thrombi. The differences in thromboembolic reaction between arterioles and venules, as found in the present study, can probably not be explained by fluid dynamic factors.

Key words

Vessel wall injury - Thrombus formation - Blood platelets - Intravital microscopy - Fluid dynamics

• References

• 1 Arfors K-E, Dhall DP, Engeset I, Hint H, Matheson NA, Tangen O. Biolaser endothelial trauma as a means of quantifying platelet activity in vivo. Nature 1968; 218: 887-888
• 2 Mc Kenzie FN, Arfors K-E, Matheson NA. Measurement of the platelet response to laser-induced microvascular injury. Assessment of determinants of platelet aggregation in vivo. Thromb Diathes Haemorrh 1974; 32: 704-713
• 3 Wiedeman MP. Vascular reactions to laser in vivo. Microvasc Res 1974; 8: 132-138
• 4 Hovig T, Mc Kenzie FN, Arfors K-E. Measurement of the platelet response to laser-induced microvascular injury. Ultrastructural studies. Thromb Diathes Haemorrh 1974; 32: 695-703
• 5 Herrmann KS. Platelet aggregation induced in the hamster cheek pouch by a photochemical process with excited fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran. Microvasc Res 1983; 26: 238-249
• 6 Sato M, Ohshima N. Platelet thrombus induced in vivo by filtered light and fluorescent dye in mesenteric microvessels of the rat. Thromb Res 1984; 35: 319-334
• 7 Herrmann KS, Voigt W-H. Ultrastructural observations of an electron dense amorphous layer on selectively damaged endothelial cells, a possible trigger of thrombogenesis in vivo, and its inhibition by nafazatrom. Thromb Res 1984; 36: 205-215
• 8 Apitz K. Die Bedeutung der Gerinnung und Thrombose für die Blutstillung. Virchows Arch [A] 1942; 308: 540-614
• 9 Zucker MB. Platelet agglutination and vasoconstriction as factors in spontaneous hemostasis in normal, thrombocytopenic, heparinized and hypoprothrombinémie rats. Am J Physiol 1947; 148: 275-288
• 10 Hugues J. Contribution à l’étude des facteurs vasculaires et sanguins dans l’hémostase spontanée. Arch Int Physiol 1953; 61: 565-711
• 11 Bergqvist D. Haemostatic plug formation in the rabbit mesentery. A methodological study. Ups J Med Sci 1974; 79: 28-38
• 12 Chen TI, Tsai C. The mechanism of haemostasis in peripheral vessels. J Physiol 1948; 107: 280-288
• 13 Herrmann RG, Frank JD, Marlett DL. An in vivo technique for assessing the formation of a hemostatic platelet plug. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1968; 128: 960-964
• 14 Tangelder GJ, Slaaf DW, Reneman RS. Fluorescent labeling of blood platelets in vivo. Thromb Res 1982; 28: 803-820
• 15 Tangelder GJ, Slaaf DW, Teirlinck HC, Alewijnse R, Reneman RS. Localization within a thin optical section of fluorescent blood platelets flowing in a microvessel. Microvasc Res 1982; 23: 214-230
• 16 Tangelder GJ, Teirlinck HC, Slaaf DW, Reneman RS. Distribution of blood platelets flowing in arterioles. Am J Physiol 1985; 248: H318-H323
• 17 Tangelder GJ, Slaaf DW, Muijtjens AM M, Arts T, oude Egbrink MG A, Reneman RS. Velocity profiles of blood platelets and red blood cells flowing in arterioles of the rabbit mesentery. Circ Res 1986; 59: 505-514
• 18 Slaaf DW, Alewijnse R, Wayland H. Use of telescopic imaging in intravital microscopy: a simple solution for conventional microscopes. Int J Microcirc Clin Exp 1982; 1: 121-134
• 19 Siegenbeek van Heukelom J, Dijkstra K, van Ingcn H. A versatile and reproducibly operating microelectrode puller. Med Biol Eng 1976; 3: 644-652
• 20 Intaglietta M, Tompkins WR. Microvascular measurements by video image shearing and splitting. Microvasc Res 1973; 5: 309-312
• 21 Slaaf DW, Rood JP S M, Tangelder GJ, Jeurens TJ M, Alewijnse R, Reneman RS, Arts T. A bidirectional optical (BDO) three-stage prism grating system for on-line measurement of red blood cell velocity in microvessels. Microvasc Res 1981; 22: 110-122
• 22 Slaaf DW, Tangelder GJ, Reneman RS, Arts T. Dual sensor model calculations applied to blood cell velocity profiles obtained by direct observation in vivo. Int J Microcirc Clin Exp 1986; 5: 2-12
• 23 Burns KF, de Lannoy CW. Compendium of normal blood values of laboratory animals with indication of variations. I. Random-sexed populations of small animals. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1966; 8: 429-437
• 24 Kozma C, Mncltlin W, Cummins LM, Manor B. The anatomy, physiology, and the biochemistry of the rabbit. In: The biology of the laboratory rabbit. Weisbroth SH, Flatt RE, Kraus AL. (eds) Academic Press; New York: 1974: 50-72
• 25 Arfors K-E, Arturson G, Bergqvist D, Svensjoe E. The effect of inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis on microvascular haemostasis and macromolecular leakage. Thromb Res 1976; 8: 393-402
• 26 Schmid-Schoenbein H, Rieger H, Fischer Th. Fluid-dynamic boundary conditions for thrombotic processes in high shear environments in vivo. In: Blood vessels: problems arising at the border of natural and artificial blood vessels. Effert S, Meyer-Erkelenz JD. (eds) Springer; Berlin: 1976: 57-63
• 27 Born GV R. Observations on the change in shape of blood platelets brought about by adenosine diphosphate. J Physiol 1970; 209: 487-511
• 28 Arfors K-E, Cockburn JS, Gross JF. Measurement of growth rate of laser-induced intravascular platelet aggregation and the influence of blood flow velocity. Microvasc Res 1976; 11: 79-87
• 29 Rogers AB. The effect of pH on human platelet aggregation induced by epinephrine and ADP. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1972; 139: 1100-1103
• 30 Tang SS, Frojmovic MM. The effects of pCO₂ and pH on platelet shape change and aggregation for human and rabbit platelet-rich plasma. Thromb Res 1977; 10: 135-145
• 31 Coccheri S, Astrup T. Thromboplastic and fibrinolytic activities of large human vessels. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1961; 108: 369-372
• 32 Noordhoek Hegt V. Relations between activation and inhibition of fibrinolysis in the walls of human arteries and veins. Thromb Haemostas 1977; 38: 407-419
• 33 Mehta J, Roberts A. Human vascular tissues produce thromboxane as well as prostacyclin. Am J Physiol 1983; 244: R839-R844